{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7162113357","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.22342","title":"4D-GSW: Kinematic-Aware Spatio-Temporal Consistent Watermarking for 4D Gaussian Splatting","display_name":"4D-GSW: Kinematic-Aware Spatio-Temporal Consistent Watermarking for 4D Gaussian Splatting","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7162113357","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.22342"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.22342","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.22342","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.22342","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103268513","display_name":"Sifan Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3602-7566"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhou, Sifan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136767676","display_name":"Hang Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Hang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136743954","display_name":"Yuhang Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Yuhang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136735802","display_name":"Ming F. Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Ming","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.8719000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.8719000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.026499999687075615,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.020899999886751175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-watermarking","display_name":"Digital watermarking","score":0.6279000043869019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.5679000020027161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/watermark","display_name":"Watermark","score":0.5177000164985657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steganography","display_name":"Steganography","score":0.4683000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-hiding","display_name":"Information hiding","score":0.42250001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.40959998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian","display_name":"Gaussian","score":0.40689998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rendering","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","score":0.35249999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet","display_name":"Wavelet","score":0.350600004196167}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7857000231742859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6704999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6498000025749207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.6279000043869019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.5679000020027161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164112704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7974348","display_name":"Watermark","level":3,"score":0.5177000164985657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108801101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15032","display_name":"Steganography","level":3,"score":0.4683000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3073032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15912075","display_name":"Information hiding","level":3,"score":0.42250001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.40959998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.40689998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205711294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176953","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","level":2,"score":0.35249999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47432892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831390","display_name":"Wavelet","level":2,"score":0.350600004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189950617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q937228","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.34689998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781181686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4226068","display_name":"Coherence (philosophical gambling strategy)","level":2,"score":0.3427000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.34200000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195065555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214881","display_name":"Curvature","level":2,"score":0.33149999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.325300008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153258448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1199743","display_name":"Gradient descent","level":3,"score":0.3156999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.29670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.2953999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190470478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2370229","display_name":"Invariant (physics)","level":2,"score":0.28949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.28619998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186633575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845060","display_name":"Maxima and minima","level":2,"score":0.27570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777708103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852589","display_name":"Motion blur","level":3,"score":0.26919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39920418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11476","display_name":"Kinematics","level":2,"score":0.2583000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70437156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7228652","display_name":"Pooling","level":2,"score":0.25769999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.2549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4069607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868732","display_name":"Aliasing","level":3,"score":0.2533999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.2526000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19743564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25378119","display_name":"Flicker","level":2,"score":0.2517000138759613}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.22342","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.22342","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.22342","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.22342","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"While":[0],"4D":[1,64],"Gaussian":[2],"Splatting":[3],"(4DGS)":[4],"has":[5],"revolutionized":[6],"high-fidelity":[7],"dynamic":[8],"reconstruction,":[9],"safeguarding":[10],"the":[11,26,76,153],"intellectual":[12],"property":[13],"of":[14,79,156],"these":[15],"assets":[16],"remains":[17,142],"an":[18,133],"open":[19],"challenge.":[20],"Conventional":[21],"steganographic":[22],"techniques":[23],"often":[24],"neglect":[25],"underlying":[27],"kinematic":[28],"manifolds,":[29],"triggering":[30],"non-physical":[31,104],"artifacts":[32],"such":[33],"as":[34],"severe":[35],"temporal":[36,127],"flickering":[37],"and":[38,129,167,172],"\"FVD":[39],"collapse\".":[40],"To":[41,106],"address":[42],"this,":[43],"we":[44,113],"propose":[45],"\\textbf{4D-GSW},":[46],"a":[47,84,115],"kinematic-aware":[48],"watermarking":[49],"framework":[50],"designed":[51],"to":[52,89,98],"embed":[53],"robust":[54],"copyright":[55],"information":[56],"while":[57,163],"preserving":[58],"high":[59,169],"spatio-temporal":[60],"consistency.":[61,174],"Unlike":[62],"prior":[63],"steganography":[65],"that":[66,121,139],"primarily":[67],"focuses":[68],"on":[69],"opacity-guided":[70],"invisibility,":[71],"our":[72,157],"approach":[73],"explicitly":[74],"addresses":[75],"physical":[77],"coherence":[78,109],"motion":[80,101],"trajectories.":[81],"We":[82],"introduce":[83],"\\textbf{Spatio-Temporal":[85],"Curvature":[86],"(STC)}":[87],"metric":[88],"identify":[90],"\"Dynamic":[91],"Instants,\"":[92],"adaptively":[93],"gating":[94],"watermark":[95,123,140],"gradient":[96,135],"injection":[97],"shield":[99],"critical":[100],"manifolds":[102],"from":[103,145],"perturbations.":[105],"ensure":[107],"global":[108],"across":[110],"complex":[111],"deformations,":[112],"formulate":[114],"joint":[116],"\\textbf{HMM-MRF":[117],"energy":[118],"minimization}":[119],"model":[120],"synchronizes":[122],"phases":[124],"within":[125],"both":[126],"trajectories":[128],"spatial":[130],"neighborhoods.":[131],"Furthermore,":[132],"\\textbf{anisotropic":[134],"routing}":[136],"mechanism":[137],"ensures":[138],"embedding":[141],"strictly":[143],"decoupled":[144],"photometric":[146],"reconstruction":[147],"fidelity.":[148],"Extensive":[149],"experiments":[150],"have":[151],"demonstrated":[152],"superior":[154],"performance":[155],"method":[158],"in":[159],"robustly":[160],"hiding":[161],"watermarks":[162],"resisting":[164],"various":[165],"attacks":[166],"maintaining":[168],"rendering":[170],"quality":[171],"spatiotemporal":[173]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-05-23T00:00:00"}