{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7162143391","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.21515","title":"Predicting Performance of Symbolic and Prompt Programs with Examples","display_name":"Predicting Performance of Symbolic and Prompt Programs with Examples","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7162143391","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.21515"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.21515","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.21515","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.21515","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136748826","display_name":"Chengqi Zheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zheng, Chengqi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049228379","display_name":"Keya Hu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hu, Keya","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136741833","display_name":"Shuzhi Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu, Shuzhi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136738378","display_name":"Tao Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wu, Tao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136739067","display_name":"Kevin Ellis","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ellis, Kevin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052178488","display_name":"Yewen Pu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4190-0636"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pu, Yewen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.6085000038146973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.6085000038146973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.2590999901294708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.07159999758005142,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/symbolic-execution","display_name":"Symbolic execution","score":0.5806000232696533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.5626000165939331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bernoullis-principle","display_name":"Bernoulli's principle","score":0.4846000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prior-probability","display_name":"Prior probability","score":0.4474000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proxy","display_name":"Proxy (statistics)","score":0.4397999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.41110000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.40380001068115234}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779639559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7661178","display_name":"Symbolic execution","level":3,"score":0.5806000232696533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.5626000165939331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152361515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181328","display_name":"Bernoulli's principle","level":2,"score":0.4846000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4595000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.45210000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177769412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q278090","display_name":"Prior probability","level":3,"score":0.4474000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780148112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432581","display_name":"Proxy (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.4397999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.41110000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.40380001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169590947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47506","display_name":"Compiler","level":2,"score":0.40290001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106159264","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17146789","display_name":"Random testing","level":4,"score":0.3946000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.38519999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.38280001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98183937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2112188","display_name":"Program analysis","level":2,"score":0.364300012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.33869999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.3179999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.2971999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.27300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776095079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q489538","display_name":"The Symbolic","level":2,"score":0.2653000056743622}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.21515","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.21515","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.21515","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.21515","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"LLM":[0],"prompting":[1],"is":[2,11,78,184],"widely":[3],"used":[4,186],"for":[5,121],"naturally":[6],"stated":[7],"tasks,":[8,116],"yet":[9],"it":[10,13],"unreliable":[12],"may":[14],"succeed":[15],"on":[16,41,52,95,158],"a":[17,31,38,45,61,71,100,110,134,145,180],"few":[18,46,146],"test":[19,96],"cases":[20],"but":[21,153],"fail":[22],"at":[23],"deployment":[24],"time.":[25],"We":[26,59,104,190],"study":[27],"performance":[28,51,86,107,120],"prediction:":[29],"given":[30],"program,":[32],"either":[33],"symbolic":[34,122,151],"(e.g.":[35],"Python)":[36,125],"or":[37,128],"prompt":[39,131,155,172],"executed":[40],"an":[42,175],"LLM,":[43],"and":[44,98,115,117,171],"in-domain":[47],"examples,":[48],"predict":[49,188],"its":[50],"unseen":[53],"tasks":[54,170],"from":[55,109,174],"the":[56,79,91],"same":[57],"domain.":[58],"use":[60],"simple":[62],"coin-flip":[63],"model,":[64,85],"treating":[65],"each":[66],"pass/fail":[67],"program":[68],"execution":[69,93],"as":[70],"Bernoulli":[72],"random":[73],"variable,":[74],"whose":[75],"success":[76],"probability":[77],"programs":[80,114,123,132,152,173],"unknown":[81],"performance.":[82,189],"In":[83],"this":[84,159],"depends":[87],"entirely":[88],"on:":[89],"1)":[90],"observed":[92],"outcomes":[94],"cases,":[97],"2)":[99],"prior":[101,136],"over":[102],"performances.":[103,195],"compile":[105],"empirical":[106],"priors":[108],"corpus":[111,177],"of":[112],"diverse":[113],"find":[118],"that":[119],"(e.g.,":[124],"are":[126],"all":[127],"nothing,":[129],"while":[130],"have":[133],"diffuse":[135],"with":[137],"many":[138],"nearly-correct":[139],"programs.":[140,156],"This":[141],"difference":[142],"explains":[143],"why":[144],"passing":[147],"tests":[148],"can":[149],"certify":[150],"not":[154],"Building":[157],"insight,":[160],"we":[161],"develop":[162],"RAP":[163,192],"(Retrieved":[164],"Approximate":[165],"Prior),":[166],"which":[167,183],"retrieves":[168],"similar":[169],"existing":[176],"to":[178,187],"construct":[179],"proxy":[181],"prior,":[182],"then":[185],"show":[191],"achieves":[193],"solid":[194]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-05-23T00:00:00"}