{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7162034029","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.21376","title":"Privacy Without Remedy: An Assessment of Data Broker Compliance with California Privacy Law","display_name":"Privacy Without Remedy: An Assessment of Data Broker Compliance with California Privacy Law","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7162034029","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.21376"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.21376","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.21376","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.21376","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120016082","display_name":"Anna-Maria Gueorguieva","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gueorguieva, Anna-Maria","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110418473","display_name":"King J","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"King, Jennifer","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073147452","display_name":"Apoorva Panidapu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2686-9583"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Panidapu, Apoorva","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136714080","display_name":"Ho, Daniel Sze-Hin, 1979-","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ho, Daniel E","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.3643999993801117,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.3643999993801117,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11437","display_name":"Digital Platforms and Economics","score":0.05480000004172325,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.027899999171495438,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consumer-privacy","display_name":"Consumer privacy","score":0.8335000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transparency","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","score":0.7465999722480774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-privacy","display_name":"Information privacy","score":0.6514999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privacy-policy","display_name":"Privacy policy","score":0.5917999744415283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/audit","display_name":"Audit","score":0.5814999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enforcement","display_name":"Enforcement","score":0.5583000183105469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compliance","display_name":"Compliance (psychology)","score":0.5001999735832214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privacy-law","display_name":"Privacy law","score":0.492900013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privacy-by-design","display_name":"Privacy by Design","score":0.4345000088214874}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778656907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164712","display_name":"Consumer privacy","level":3,"score":0.8335000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.7465999722480774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.6753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.6514999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102938260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1999831","display_name":"Privacy policy","level":3,"score":0.5917999744415283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199521495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181487","display_name":"Audit","level":2,"score":0.5814999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779777834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202277","display_name":"Enforcement","level":2,"score":0.5583000183105469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781460075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399332","display_name":"Compliance (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5001999735832214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141972696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1247836","display_name":"Privacy law","level":4,"score":0.492900013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193934123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7246028","display_name":"Privacy by Design","level":3,"score":0.4345000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175968658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839447","display_name":"Privacy laws of the United States","level":3,"score":0.427700012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69360830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172237","display_name":"Data Protection Act 1998","level":2,"score":0.4025000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780262971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44554","display_name":"Law enforcement","level":2,"score":0.4002000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136810230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188961","display_name":"Decentralization","level":2,"score":0.376800000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165609540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172486","display_name":"Data breach","level":2,"score":0.37400001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71745522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2476929","display_name":"Confidentiality","level":2,"score":0.3456999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3147999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989499966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q664183","display_name":"Consumer protection","level":2,"score":0.2978000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78524284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6031155","display_name":"Information privacy law","level":4,"score":0.29600000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78597825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484847","display_name":"E-commerce","level":2,"score":0.2924000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509729295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7246032","display_name":"Privacy software","level":3,"score":0.2782999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137308460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1752161","display_name":"Consumer-to-business","level":3,"score":0.25929999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3090818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172506","display_name":"General Data Protection Regulation","level":3,"score":0.2556999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169093310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3702971","display_name":"Personally identifiable information","level":2,"score":0.2549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80958533","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1047174","display_name":"Audit trail","level":3,"score":0.2506999969482422}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.21376","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.21376","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.21376","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.21376","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7640640735626221,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"California's":[0],"consumer":[1,30,68,117,192,222],"privacy":[2,176],"law":[3],"is":[4],"widely":[5],"deemed":[6],"to":[7,20,61,131,173,208],"be":[8],"the":[9,13,18,36,45,53,64,91,114,141,191,203],"most":[10],"protected":[11],"in":[12,113,127,151,225],"United":[14],"States,":[15],"one":[16,183],"of":[17,40,79,116,144,154,157,205],"few":[19],"expressly":[21],"regulate":[22],"third":[23],"party":[24],"entities":[25],"that":[26,76,166,186,219],"buy":[27],"and":[28,52,66,178,213,228],"sell":[29],"data":[31,41,59,82,111,130,159],"(data":[32],"brokers).":[33],"We":[34,125,216],"offer":[35],"first":[37],"empirical":[38],"assessment":[39],"broker":[42,147,226],"compliance":[43,206,229],"with":[44,63,87,121,135,230],"2018":[46],"California":[47],"Consumer":[48],"Privacy":[49],"Act":[50,93],"(CCPA)":[51],"2023":[54],"Delete":[55,92],"Act,":[56],"which":[57],"requires":[58],"brokers":[60,83,112,209],"register":[62],"state":[65],"report":[67],"rights":[69,118,177],"requests":[70,119],"metrics":[71],"annually.":[72],"First,":[73],"we":[74,97,105,164,196],"demonstrate":[75],"only":[77],"9%":[78],"522":[80],"registered":[81],"were":[84],"fully":[85],"compliant":[86],"transparency":[88,224],"requirements":[89],"after":[90],"took":[94],"effect,":[95],"although":[96],"do":[98],"identify":[99],"slight":[100],"improvements":[101],"over":[102],"time.":[103],"Second,":[104],"descriptively":[106],"characterize":[107],"wide":[108],"heterogeneity":[109],"across":[110],"volume":[115],"received,":[120],"many":[122],"reporting":[123],"none.":[124],"bring":[126],"external":[128],"business":[129,148],"explore":[132],"correlates":[133],"associated":[134],"this":[136],"variation,":[137],"a":[138,155],"challenge":[139],"given":[140],"general":[142],"lack":[143],"opacity":[145],"into":[146,190],"practices.":[149],"Third,":[150],"an":[152],"audit":[153],"sample":[156],"250":[158],"brokers'":[160],"consumers":[161,172],"request":[162,193],"processes,":[163],"find":[165],"43%":[167],"make":[168],"it":[169],"impossible":[170],"for":[171],"exercise":[174],"all":[175],"64%":[179],"introduce":[180],"at":[181],"least":[182],"design":[184],"feature":[185],"creates":[187],"substantial":[188],"friction":[189],"process.":[194],"Last,":[195],"show":[197],"how":[198],"these":[199,231],"deficiencies":[200],"stem":[201],"from":[202],"decentralization":[204],"decisions":[207],"themselves,":[210],"enforcement":[211],"limitations,":[212],"regulatory":[214],"ambiguity.":[215],"articulate":[217],"reforms":[218],"could":[220],"improve":[221],"privacy,":[223],"practices,":[227],"laws.":[232]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-05-22T00:00:00"}