{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7162026582","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.21187","title":"High-speed Networking for Giga-Scale AI Factories","display_name":"High-speed Networking for Giga-Scale AI Factories","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7162026582","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.21187"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.21187","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.21187","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.21187","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092233106","display_name":"Sajy Khashab","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1394-0423"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khashab, Sajy","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054154994","display_name":"Albert Gran Alcoz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2246-9486"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alcoz, Albert Gran","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136665459","display_name":"Alon Gal","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gal, Alon","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062778958","display_name":"Jacky Romano","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Romano, Jacky","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5097794990","display_name":"Rani Abboud","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5562-0067"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abboud, Rani","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090147136","display_name":"Yonatan Piasetzky","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9837-5991"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Piasetzky, Yonatan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136623489","display_name":"Lior Maman","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maman, Lior","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136717343","display_name":"Amit Nishry","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nishry, Amit","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058458823","display_name":"Barak Gafni","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gafni, Barak","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005720357","display_name":"Omer Shabtai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4990-1517"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shabtai, Omer","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136691844","display_name":"Matty Kadosh","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kadosh, Matty","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021554708","display_name":"D. Goldenberg","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Goldenberg, Dror","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062577862","display_name":"Gilad Shainer","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shainer, Gilad","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022593894","display_name":"Mark Silberstein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9659-068X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Silberstein, Mark","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":14,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.3375999927520752,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.3375999927520752,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12216","display_name":"Network Time Synchronization Technologies","score":0.13330000638961792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.0658000037074089,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/debugging","display_name":"Debugging","score":0.6365000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethernet","display_name":"Ethernet","score":0.5141000151634216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5059000253677368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.44940000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/host","display_name":"Host (biology)","score":0.41760000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.40639999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-architecture","display_name":"Network architecture","score":0.37860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.36309999227523804}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6367999911308289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168065819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845566","display_name":"Debugging","level":2,"score":0.6365000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172173386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79984","display_name":"Ethernet","level":2,"score":0.5141000151634216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5059000253677368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.45649999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.44940000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126831891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221673","display_name":"Host (biology)","level":2,"score":0.41760000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.40639999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q639681","display_name":"Network architecture","level":2,"score":0.37860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.36309999227523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.3384999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775941552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25212305","display_name":"Isolation (microbiology)","level":2,"score":0.33649998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778476105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628539","display_name":"Workload","level":2,"score":0.33500000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107598950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q259864","display_name":"Microarchitecture","level":2,"score":0.31940001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.31839999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199845137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145490","display_name":"Network topology","level":2,"score":0.3181000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.3050999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138959212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1806783","display_name":"Load balancing (electrical power)","level":3,"score":0.2971000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.2856000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119404949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4503","display_name":"Network switch","level":2,"score":0.2793999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78766204","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q555032","display_name":"Multi-core processor","level":2,"score":0.2775999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137471899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11381","display_name":"Local area network","level":2,"score":0.25540000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.25440001487731934}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.21187","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.21187","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.21187","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.21187","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6475274562835693,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"distributed":[1],"model":[2],"training":[3,86,169],"scales":[4],"to":[5,30,71,75,161],"span":[6],"hundreds":[7],"of":[8,10,130],"thousands":[9],"GPUs,":[11],"scale-out":[12],"networks":[13,114],"face":[14],"unprecedented":[15],"performance":[16,36,98,124],"and":[17,33,40,57,64,97,111,149,158,163],"efficiency":[18],"demands.":[19],"NVIDIA":[20],"Spectrum-X":[21,47,113],"Ethernet":[22],"has":[23],"been":[24],"designed":[25],"from":[26,109],"the":[27,46,67,81,91,105,131],"ground":[28],"up":[29],"achieve":[31],"predictable":[32],"stable":[34],"network":[35,78],"with":[37,54,135],"high":[38],"utilization":[39],"low":[41,136],"latency.":[42],"This":[43],"paper":[44],"presents":[45],"multiplane":[48],"architecture,":[49],"which":[50],"replaces":[51],"hierarchical":[52],"depth":[53],"topological":[55],"parallelism,":[56],"introduces":[58],"hardware-accelerated":[59],"load":[60],"balancing":[61],"in":[62,115],"NICs":[63],"switches":[65],"as":[66,102,104],"key":[68],"architectural":[69],"approach":[70],"provide":[72],"fast":[73],"reaction":[74,160],"highly":[76],"dynamic":[77],"conditions":[79],"at":[80],"microsecond":[82],"timescales":[83],"that":[84],"AI":[85,122],"workloads":[87],"demand.":[88],"We":[89],"describe":[90],"motivation,":[92],"design":[93],"principles,":[94],"evaluation":[95,119],"methodology":[96],"on":[99],"state-of-the-art":[100],"benchmarks,":[101],"well":[103],"lessons":[106],"we":[107],"learned":[108],"deploying":[110],"debugging":[112],"large-scale":[116],"systems.":[117],"Our":[118],"highlights":[120],"production-grade":[121],"infrastructure":[123],"across":[125],"three":[126],"core":[127],"dimensions:":[128],"98%":[129],"theoretical":[132],"line":[133],"rate":[134],"jitter-free":[137],"latency;":[138],"strong":[139],"cross-tenant":[140],"isolation":[141],"for":[142,153],"concurrent":[143],"workloads;":[144],"robust,":[145],"capacity-proportional":[146],"bisection":[147],"bandwidth":[148],"7%":[150],"latency":[151],"increase":[152],"10%":[154],"fabric":[155,164],"link":[156,165],"failures;":[157],"rapid":[159],"host":[162],"flaps":[166],"during":[167],"LLM":[168],"workloads.":[170]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-05-22T00:00:00"}
