{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7161963419","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.20654","title":"REFLECTOR: Internalizing Step-wise Reflection against Indirect Jailbreak","display_name":"REFLECTOR: Internalizing Step-wise Reflection against Indirect Jailbreak","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7161963419","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.20654"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.20654","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.20654","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.20654","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136657374","display_name":"Jiachen Ma","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ma, Jiachen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136663847","display_name":"Jiawen Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Jiawen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014052902","display_name":"Xiaoran Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5749-7615"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Xiangtian","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136612936","display_name":"Bo Zou","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zou, Bo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136676476","display_name":"Chaochao Lu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lu, Chaochao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136716876","display_name":"Chao Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang, Chao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.8586000204086304,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.8586000204086304,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.03849999979138374,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.009600000455975533,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflection","display_name":"Reflection (computer programming)","score":0.78329998254776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflector","display_name":"Reflector (photography)","score":0.6764000058174133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.5649999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.3537999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/component","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","score":0.27720001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/total-internal-reflection","display_name":"Total internal reflection","score":0.2694000005722046}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65682993","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1056451","display_name":"Reflection (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.78329998254776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778415886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1823435","display_name":"Reflector (photography)","level":3,"score":0.6764000058174133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6208000183105469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5649999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4041000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.3537999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.27720001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170395517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q234943","display_name":"Total internal reflection","level":2,"score":0.2694000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.26669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.2619999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776799497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484298","display_name":"Surface (topology)","level":2,"score":0.2619999945163727}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.20654","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.20654","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.20654","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.20654","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.6336185932159424}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"While":[0],"Large":[1],"Language":[2],"Models":[3],"(LLMs)":[4],"demonstrate":[5],"remarkable":[6],"capabilities,":[7],"they":[8],"remain":[9],"susceptible":[10],"to":[11,51,75],"sophisticated,":[12],"multi-step":[13],"jailbreak":[14],"attacks":[15,96],"that":[16,39,84],"circumvent":[17],"conventional":[18],"surface-level":[19],"safety":[20],"alignment":[21,136],"by":[22],"exploiting":[23],"the":[24,43,105,131,148],"internal":[25],"generation":[26,44,50],"process.":[27],"To":[28],"address":[29],"these":[30],"vulnerabilities,":[31],"we":[32],"propose":[33],"Reflector,":[34],"a":[35,114],"principled":[36],"two-stage":[37],"framework":[38,106],"internalizes":[40],"self-reflection":[41,79],"within":[42],"trajectory.":[45],"Reflector":[46,85,129],"first":[47],"leverages":[48],"teacher-guided":[49],"produce":[52],"high-quality":[53],"reflection":[54,62],"data":[55],"for":[56,147],"supervised":[57],"fine-tuning":[58],"(SFT),":[59],"establishing":[60],"structured":[61],"patterns.":[63],"It":[64],"subsequently":[65],"uses":[66],"Reinforcement":[67],"Learning":[68],"(RL)":[69],"with":[70],"outcome-driven":[71],"and":[72,110,144,152],"reward-validity":[73],"supervision":[74],"instill":[76],"robust,":[77],"autonomous":[78],"capabilities.":[80],"Empirical":[81],"results":[82],"show":[83],"achieves":[86],"Defense":[87],"Success":[88],"Rates":[89],"(DSR)":[90],"exceeding":[91],"90%":[92],"against":[93],"complex":[94],"indirect":[95],"while":[97],"generalizing":[98],"robustly":[99],"across":[100],"diverse":[101],"threat":[102],"scenarios.":[103],"Notably,":[104],"enhances":[107],"both":[108],"task-specific":[109],"general":[111],"utility,":[112],"yielding":[113],"5.85%":[115],"gain":[116],"on":[117,122],"GSM8K":[118],"alongside":[119],"improved":[120],"performance":[121],"knowledge-intensive":[123],"benchmarks.":[124],"By":[125],"internalizing":[126],"trajectory-level":[127],"safety,":[128],"overcomes":[130],"fundamental":[132],"limitations":[133],"of":[134,150],"surface":[135],"without":[137],"significant":[138],"computational":[139],"overhead,":[140],"offering":[141],"an":[142],"efficient":[143],"scalable":[145],"solution":[146],"development":[149],"safe":[151],"capable":[153],"LLMs.":[154]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-05-22T00:00:00"}