{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7161753993","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.19721","title":"Projecting Latent RL Actions: Towards Generalizable and Scalable Graph Combinatorial Optimization","display_name":"Projecting Latent RL Actions: Towards Generalizable and Scalable Graph Combinatorial Optimization","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7161753993","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.19721"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-05620445v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-05620445","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"2026","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://hal.science/hal-05620445","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093312122","display_name":"Franco Terranova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6989-2655"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1326498283","display_name":"Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies du num\u00e9rique","ror":"https://ror.org/02kvxyf05","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121838","display_name":"Laboratoire Lorrain de Recherche en Informatique et ses Applications","ror":"https://ror.org/02vnf0c38","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I277688954","https://openalex.org/I4210107720","https://openalex.org/I4210121838","https://openalex.org/I4210159245","https://openalex.org/I90183372"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Terranova, Franco","raw_affiliation_strings":["UL, LORIA, Inria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UL, LORIA, Inria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I4210121838"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030576977","display_name":"Guillermo Bern\u00e1rdez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6790-4878"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bernardez, Guillermo","raw_affiliation_strings":["UC Santa Barbara"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UC Santa Barbara","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136588481","display_name":"Albert Cabellos-Aparicio","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cabellos-Aparicio, Albert","raw_affiliation_strings":["UPC"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UPC","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083733004","display_name":"Nina Miolane","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1200-9024"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miolane, Nina","raw_affiliation_strings":["UC Santa Barbara"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UC Santa Barbara","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136508479","display_name":"Abdelkader Lahmadi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1326498283","display_name":"Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies du num\u00e9rique","ror":"https://ror.org/02kvxyf05","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121838","display_name":"Laboratoire Lorrain de Recherche en Informatique et ses Applications","ror":"https://ror.org/02vnf0c38","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I277688954","https://openalex.org/I4210107720","https://openalex.org/I4210121838","https://openalex.org/I4210159245","https://openalex.org/I90183372"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lahmadi, Abdelkader","raw_affiliation_strings":["LORIA, UL, Inria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LORIA, UL, Inria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I4210121838"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.821399986743927,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.821399986743927,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12292","display_name":"Graph Theory and Algorithms","score":0.02070000022649765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14347","display_name":"Big Data and Digital Economy","score":0.01269999984651804,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.6639000177383423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6244000196456909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph-embedding","display_name":"Graph embedding","score":0.5569999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.48330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.46799999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.44290000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorial-optimization","display_name":"Combinatorial optimization","score":0.41589999198913574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7064999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.6639000177383423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6244000196456909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.5852000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75564084","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5597085","display_name":"Graph embedding","level":3,"score":0.5569999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.48330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.46799999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.44290000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52692508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1333872","display_name":"Combinatorial optimization","level":2,"score":0.41589999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.3849000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3700999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115908005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2668364","display_name":"Combinatorial explosion","level":2,"score":0.36000001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.3540000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519991488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865","display_name":"Python (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.3343000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3334999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108710211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11538","display_name":"Mathematical proof","level":2,"score":0.298799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.27559998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780069185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7977945","display_name":"Equivalence (formal languages)","level":2,"score":0.25870001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146380142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1137726","display_name":"Directed graph","level":2,"score":0.25049999356269836}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-05620445v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-05620445","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"2026","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.19721","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.19721","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-05620445v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-05620445","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"2026","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.507655918598175}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Graph":[0,33],"combinatorial":[1,18],"optimization":[2],"(GCO)":[3],"has":[4],"attracted":[5],"growing":[6],"interest,":[7],"as":[8,58],"many":[9],"NP-hard":[10],"problems":[11],"naturally":[12],"admit":[13],"graph":[14,53],"formulations,":[15],"yet":[16],"their":[17],"explosion":[19],"renders":[20],"exact":[21],"methods":[22,110],"computationally":[23],"intractable.":[24],"Recent":[25],"advances":[26],"in":[27,48,77,89,154],"Reinforcement":[28],"Learning":[29],"(RL)":[30],"combined":[31],"with":[32,158],"Neural":[34],"Networks":[35],"(GNNs)":[36],"have":[37],"significantly":[38],"improved":[39],"learning-based":[40],"GCO":[41,185],"solvers.":[42],"However,":[43],"existing":[44,139,176],"approaches":[45],"face":[46],"limitations":[47],"both":[49,64,117],"generalization":[50,137],"across":[51,108],"diverse":[52,122],"instances":[54],"and":[55,94,119,132,174,181],"computational":[56],"scalability":[57],"action":[59,81,88],"spaces":[60,157],"grow.":[61],"To":[62],"address":[63],"challenges,":[65],"we":[66,104,163],"introduce":[67],"projection":[68],"agents,":[69],"a":[70,78,85,90,99,112,166],"novel":[71],"RL-GCO":[72,177],"approach":[73,125],"that":[74,169],"operates":[75],"directly":[76],"continuous":[79],"GNN-based":[80],"embedding":[82,114],"space,":[83],"predicting":[84],"desired":[86],"latent":[87,171],"single":[91],"forward":[92],"pass":[93],"subsequently":[95],"decoding":[96],"it":[97],"into":[98],"valid":[100],"discrete":[101],"action.":[102],"Additionally,":[103],"enable":[105],"fair":[106],"comparison":[107],"RL":[109,152],"through":[111],"shared":[113],"space":[115],"for":[116],"observations":[118],"actions.":[120],"Across":[121],"benchmarks,":[123],"our":[124],"achieves":[126],"up":[127,133],"to":[128,134,150,183],"16.2x":[129],"faster":[130],"inference":[131],"40%":[135],"better":[136],"than":[138],"solutions":[140],"using":[141],"only":[142],"simple":[143],"nearest-neighbor":[144],"decoding,":[145],"while":[146],"opening":[147],"the":[148],"door":[149],"strong":[151],"performance":[153],"super-linear":[155],"decision":[156],"multiple":[159],"interdependent":[160],"variables.":[161],"Finally,":[162],"release":[164],"LaGCO-RL,":[165],"Python":[167],"library":[168],"automates":[170],"action-space":[172],"construction":[173],"supports":[175],"solutions,":[178],"promoting":[179],"reproducibility":[180],"adaptation":[182],"new":[184],"benchmarks.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2026-05-21T00:00:00"}