{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7161690279","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.18672","title":"Position: A Three-Layer Probabilistic Assume-Guarantee Architecture Is Structurally Required for Safe LLM Agent Deployment","display_name":"Position: A Three-Layer Probabilistic Assume-Guarantee Architecture Is Structurally Required for Safe LLM Agent Deployment","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7161690279","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.18672"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.18672","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.18672","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.18672","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136495329","display_name":"S. Bensalem","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bensalem, S.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136489271","display_name":"Y. Dong","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong, Y.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127434488","display_name":"M. Fr\u00e4nzle","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Franzle, M.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136498560","display_name":"X. T. Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huang, X.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136462349","display_name":"J. Kroger","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kroger, J.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136469004","display_name":"D. Nickovic","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nickovic, D.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136499833","display_name":"A. Nouri","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nouri, A.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136482311","display_name":"R. Roy","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roy, R.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136464367","display_name":"C. Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wu, C.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10456","display_name":"Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation","score":0.5465999841690063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10456","display_name":"Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation","score":0.5465999841690063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12203","display_name":"Mobile Agent-Based Network Management","score":0.18520000576972961,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13295","display_name":"Safety Systems Engineering in Autonomy","score":0.0544000007212162,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sketch","display_name":"Sketch","score":0.7696999907493591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.6711999773979187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.6381999850273132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abstraction","display_name":"Abstraction","score":0.6064000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5511999726295471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.5273000001907349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.43619999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.41200000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.39010000228881836}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779231336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7534724","display_name":"Sketch","level":2,"score":0.7696999907493591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.708299994468689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.6711999773979187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.6381999850273132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124304363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q673661","display_name":"Abstraction","level":2,"score":0.6064000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5511999726295471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.5273000001907349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.43619999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.41200000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4099999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.39010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3758000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33676613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13415176","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.37389999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.35519999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137703981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4692093","display_name":"Agent architecture","level":3,"score":0.336899995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78780964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7233193","display_name":"Position paper","level":2,"score":0.3321000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.3154999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46304622","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q374814","display_name":"Certification","level":2,"score":0.29589998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55356503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2136675","display_name":"Reference architecture","level":4,"score":0.29510000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778029271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421931","display_name":"Extension (predicate logic)","level":2,"score":0.29339998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147358964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1200992","display_name":"Abstraction layer","level":3,"score":0.2806999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19768560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320727","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","level":2,"score":0.26980000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41550386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q529909","display_name":"Multi-agent system","level":2,"score":0.2669000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10590034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1048431","display_name":"Enterprise architecture","level":3,"score":0.2606000006198883}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.18672","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.18672","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.18672","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.18672","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"position":[1],"paper":[2],"argues":[3],"that":[4,44,70,87],"enforcing":[5],"LLM":[6,23,170],"agent":[7,31,171],"safety":[8,99,126],"within":[9],"a":[10,26,35,64,93,143],"single":[11,79],"abstraction":[12],"layer":[13,107],"is":[14,101],"not":[15,34],"merely":[16],"suboptimal":[17],"but":[18],"categorically":[19],"insufficient":[20],"for":[21],"deployed":[22],"agents":[24],"--":[25,49,60,163],"structural":[27],"consequence":[28],"of":[29,38,68,76,134,153],"how":[30],"execution":[32],"works,":[33],"contingent":[36],"limitation":[37],"current":[39],"systems.":[40],"The":[41],"three":[42],"dimensions":[43],"jointly":[45],"constitute":[46],"safe":[47],"operation":[48],"semantic":[50],"intent":[51],"and":[52,57,121,142,158],"policy":[53],"compliance,":[54],"environmental":[55],"validity,":[56],"dynamical":[58],"feasibility":[59],"each":[61,98],"depend":[62],"on":[63],"strictly":[65],"distinct":[66],"set":[67],"information":[69],"becomes":[71],"available":[72],"at":[73],"different":[74],"stages":[75],"execution.":[77],"No":[78],"guardrail":[80],"can":[81],"certify":[82],"all":[83],"three.":[84],"We":[85,116],"argue":[86],"the":[88,112,123,131,164],"community":[89],"must":[90],"respond":[91],"with":[92],"contract-based":[94],"architecture":[95,120],"in":[96,169],"which":[97],"dimension":[100],"enforced":[102],"by":[103],"an":[104,119],"independently":[105],"certified":[106],"whose":[108],"probabilistic":[109],"guarantee":[110],"satisfies":[111],"next":[113],"layer's":[114],"assumption.":[115],"sketch":[117],"such":[118],"derive":[122],"compositional":[124],"system-level":[125],"bounds":[127],"it":[128],"admits":[129],"via":[130],"chain":[132],"rule":[133],"probability.":[135],"Three":[136],"open":[137],"problems":[138],"stand":[139],"between":[140],"this":[141],"deployable":[144],"standard:":[145],"bound":[146],"estimation":[147],"from":[148],"non-i.i.d.\\":[149],"traces,":[150],"graceful":[151],"degradation":[152],"contracts":[154],"under":[155],"deployment":[156],"drift,":[157],"extension":[159],"to":[160],"multi-agent":[161],"settings":[162],"most":[165],"important":[166],"unfinished":[167],"business":[168],"runtime":[172],"assurance.":[173]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-05-20T00:00:00"}
