{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7161718581","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.17176","title":"CAREBench: Evaluating LLMs' Emotion Understanding by Assessing Cognitive Appraisal Reasoning","display_name":"CAREBench: Evaluating LLMs' Emotion Understanding by Assessing Cognitive Appraisal Reasoning","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7161718581","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.17176"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.17176","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.17176","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.17176","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040915747","display_name":"Zhaoyue Sun","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sun, Zhaoyue","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026998274","display_name":"Hainiu Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xu, Hainiu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136470773","display_name":"Andero Uusberg","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Uusberg, Andero","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136493523","display_name":"James J. Gross","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gross, James J.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038063824","display_name":"Petr Slov\u00e1k","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8458-7715"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Slovak, Petr","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136494317","display_name":"Yulan He","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"He, Yulan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.5516999959945679,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.5516999959945679,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10664","display_name":"Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining","score":0.2874000072479248,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12313","display_name":"Emotions and Moral Behavior","score":0.039400000125169754,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-appraisal","display_name":"Cognitive appraisal","score":0.6101999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.5533999800682068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/appraisal-theory","display_name":"Appraisal theory","score":0.512499988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/critical-appraisal","display_name":"Critical appraisal","score":0.439300000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychological-intervention","display_name":"Psychological intervention","score":0.39730000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-cognition","display_name":"Social cognition","score":0.3691999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.3248000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expressed-emotion","display_name":"Expressed emotion","score":0.30820000171661377}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7439000010490417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778119494","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141187","display_name":"Cognitive appraisal","level":3,"score":0.6101999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.5979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.5533999800682068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4308109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781686","display_name":"Appraisal theory","level":2,"score":0.512499988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152541439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5186693","display_name":"Critical appraisal","level":3,"score":0.439300000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.4196999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.39730000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86658582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432778","display_name":"Social cognition","level":3,"score":0.3691999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.3248000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778143943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q523747","display_name":"Expressed emotion","level":2,"score":0.30820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79897977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054568","display_name":"Causal chain","level":2,"score":0.30570000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161407221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4382939","display_name":"Cognitive model","level":3,"score":0.2955000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780966255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5474306","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","level":2,"score":0.28540000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.28279998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2164484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170150","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","level":2,"score":0.2768000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.2766999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128534915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3475770","display_name":"Affective science","level":3,"score":0.27000001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.2635999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117409633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5373756","display_name":"Emotion work","level":2,"score":0.2612000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44725695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288156","display_name":"Normative","level":2,"score":0.2549000084400177}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.17176","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.17176","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.17176","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.17176","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Emotion":[0],"understanding":[1],"is":[2],"a":[3,68,151],"core":[4],"capability":[5],"for":[6,153],"LLMs":[7,78],"to":[8,25,113,129],"interact":[9],"effectively":[10],"with":[11,43],"humans,":[12],"yet":[13,97],"existing":[14],"evaluation":[15,70,157],"paradigms":[16],"rely":[17],"on":[18,54,94,100],"discrete":[19],"emotion":[20,31,64,105,139,146],"label":[21],"prediction":[22,140],"and":[23,51,62,72,103,111,120,148],"fail":[24],"capture":[26,130],"the":[27,40,126],"cognitive":[28,161],"processes":[29],"underlying":[30],"generation.":[32],"Grounded":[33],"in":[34],"appraisal":[35,58,60,101,114],"theory,":[36],"we":[37],"introduce":[38],"CAREBench,":[39],"first":[41],"benchmark":[42],"complete":[44],"inferential":[45],"chain":[46,109],"annotations":[47],"from":[48],"both":[49],"first-":[50],"third-person":[52],"perspectives":[53],"real-world":[55],"narratives,":[56],"spanning":[57],"reasoning,":[59],"ratings,":[61],"multi-label":[63],"annotation.":[65],"We":[66,84],"propose":[67],"process-level":[69],"framework":[71],"conduct":[73],"systematic":[74],"experiments":[75],"across":[76,108,118],"six":[77],"organized":[79],"around":[80],"four":[81],"research":[82],"questions.":[83],"find":[85],"that":[86,137],"stronger":[87],"models":[88,122],"match":[89],"or":[90],"surpass":[91],"human":[92,131],"observers":[93],"certain":[95],"tasks,":[96],"fall":[98],"short":[99],"reasoning":[102],"positive":[104],"recognition;":[106],"performance":[107],"steps":[110],"sensitivity":[112],"interventions":[115],"exhibit":[116],"dissociations":[117],"models;":[119],"current":[121],"have":[123],"not":[124],"internalized":[125],"mechanisms":[127],"needed":[128],"subjective":[132],"heterogeneity.":[133],"These":[134],"findings":[135],"suggest":[136],"downstream":[138],"metrics":[141],"may":[142],"overestimate":[143],"LLMs'":[144,159],"true":[145],"understanding,":[147],"CAREBench":[149],"provides":[150],"foundation":[152],"more":[154],"diagnostically":[155],"informative":[156],"of":[158],"affective":[160],"capabilities.":[162]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-05-20T00:00:00"}