{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7161729566","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.16372","title":"SwordBench: Evaluating Orthogonality of Steering Image Representations","display_name":"SwordBench: Evaluating Orthogonality of Steering Image Representations","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7161729566","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.16372"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.16372","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.16372","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.16372","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5094155768","display_name":"Vladimir Zaigrajew","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zaigrajew, Vladimir","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136461495","display_name":"Dawid Pludowski","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pludowski, Dawid","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059946484","display_name":"Hubert Baniecki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6661-5364"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baniecki, Hubert","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136458599","display_name":"Przemyslaw Biecek","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Biecek, Przemyslaw","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.628000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.628000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.11289999634027481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.08389999717473984,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.8762000203132629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6672000288963318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orthogonality","display_name":"Orthogonality","score":0.5914000272750854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5419999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orthogonalization","display_name":"Orthogonalization","score":0.5327000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmarking","display_name":"Benchmarking","score":0.4510999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stability","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","score":0.44999998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.367000013589859}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.8762000203132629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6761999726295471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6672000288963318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17137986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215067","display_name":"Orthogonality","level":2,"score":0.5914000272750854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5419999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47559304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1702189","display_name":"Orthogonalization","level":2,"score":0.5327000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5062000155448914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.4510999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.44999998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.41359999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.37869998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.367000013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.35899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.3328000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.31859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.29899999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.2971999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92757383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q382497","display_name":"Affine transformation","level":2,"score":0.2858000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.2745000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171018156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7370306","display_name":"Rotation formalisms in three dimensions","level":2,"score":0.26249998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.2621999979019165}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.16372","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.16372","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.16372","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.16372","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Steering":[0],"or":[1],"intervening":[2],"on":[3,103,159],"model":[4,101],"representations":[5,42],"at":[6],"inference":[7],"time":[8],"to":[9,25,128,147],"correct":[10],"predictions":[11],"is":[12],"essential":[13],"for":[14,39,74,107],"AI":[15],"interpretability":[16],"and":[17,49,93,124,143],"safety,":[18],"yet":[19],"existing":[20],"evaluation":[21,61],"protocols":[22],"are":[23],"limited":[24],"ambiguous":[26],"language":[27],"modeling":[28],"tasks.":[29,52],"To":[30],"address":[31],"this":[32],"gap,":[33],"we":[34,58],"introduce":[35],"SwordBench,":[36],"a":[37,54,104,116],"benchmark":[38],"steering":[40,98],"image":[41],"of":[43,68,83],"vision":[44],"models":[45],"across":[46,87],"multiple":[47],"backbones":[48],"concept":[50,71,84],"removal":[51],"Beyond":[53],"unified":[55],"benchmarking":[56],"suite,":[57],"propose":[59],"new":[60],"notions":[62],"that":[63,114],"uncover":[64],"the":[65,81,110],"second-order":[66],"effects":[67],"orthogonalization":[69],"among":[70],"activation":[72],"vectors":[73],"pragmatic":[75],"steering.":[76,150],"Specifically,":[77],"cross-concept":[78],"robustness":[79],"measures":[80],"stability":[82],"detection":[85],"performance":[86,102],"inputs":[88,108],"orthogonalized":[89],"against":[90],"alternative":[91],"concepts,":[92],"collateral":[94,131],"damage":[95],"quantifies":[96],"whether":[97],"inadvertently":[99],"affects":[100],"downstream":[105],"task":[106],"lacking":[109],"bias.":[111],"We":[112],"find":[113],"although":[115],"linear":[117],"support":[118],"vector":[119],"machine":[120],"exhibits":[121],"superior":[122],"separability":[123],"orthogonality,":[125],"it":[126],"fails":[127],"achieve":[129,148],"zero":[130],"damage,":[132],"often":[133],"trailing":[134],"sparse":[135],"autoencoders.":[136],"In":[137],"simpler":[138],"regimes,":[139],"both":[140],"standard":[141],"baselines":[142],"optimization-based":[144],"methods":[145],"fail":[146],"perfect":[149],"The":[151],"source":[152],"code":[153],"will":[154],"be":[155],"made":[156],"available":[157],"soon":[158],"GitHub.":[160]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2026-05-20T00:00:00"}