{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7161592489","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.15984","title":"Beyond Content: A Comprehensive Speech Toxicity Dataset and Detection Framework Incorporating Paralinguistic Cues","display_name":"Beyond Content: A Comprehensive Speech Toxicity Dataset and Detection Framework Incorporating Paralinguistic Cues","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7161592489","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.15984"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.15984","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.15984","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.15984","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072485378","display_name":"Zhongjie Ba","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0921-8869"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ba, Zhongjie","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136449029","display_name":"Liang Yi","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi, Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136375390","display_name":"Peng Cheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng, Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129705520","display_name":"Qingcao Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Qingcao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136425340","display_name":"Qinglong Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Qinglong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136427745","display_name":"Li Lu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lu, Li","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.8557999730110168,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.8557999730110168,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10863","display_name":"Voice and Speech Disorders","score":0.018200000748038292,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.010900000110268593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/paralanguage","display_name":"Paralanguage","score":0.9905999898910522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.4814000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/limiting","display_name":"Limiting","score":0.47909998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voice-activity-detection","display_name":"Voice activity detection","score":0.46869999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4255000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.41920000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-processing","display_name":"Speech processing","score":0.3411000072956085}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133378560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1753225","display_name":"Paralanguage","level":2,"score":0.9905999898910522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7103999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.5257999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4814000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188198153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613840","display_name":"Limiting","level":2,"score":0.47909998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204201278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1332614","display_name":"Voice activity detection","level":3,"score":0.46869999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45320001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4255000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.41920000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.41830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.34929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61328038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3358061","display_name":"Speech processing","level":2,"score":0.3411000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3391999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.33399999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778775528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5135432","display_name":"Closing (real estate)","level":2,"score":0.32280001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.2996000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.26420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.26330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123860398","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6934605","display_name":"Multiclass classification","level":3,"score":0.2563000023365021}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.15984","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.15984","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.15984","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.15984","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6189574003219604,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Toxic":[0],"speech":[1,19,33,40,45,104,120],"detection":[2,20,185],"has":[3],"become":[4],"a":[5,66,108,113,198,206],"crucial":[6],"challenge":[7],"in":[8,202,210],"maintaining":[9],"safe":[10],"online":[11],"communication":[12],"environments.":[13],"However,":[14],"existing":[15,191],"approaches":[16],"to":[17,38,159],"toxic":[18,44,79,84,103,119,146],"often":[21],"neglect":[22],"the":[23,51,132,140,144,213],"contribution":[24],"of":[25,53,134],"paralinguistic":[26,58,98,181],"cues,":[27],"such":[28],"as":[29],"emotion,":[30],"intonation,":[31],"and":[32,81,97,139,172,205,220],"rate,":[34],"which":[35],"are":[36,47],"key":[37],"detecting":[39],"toxicity.":[41],"Moreover,":[42],"current":[43],"datasets":[46],"predominantly":[48],"text-based,":[49],"limiting":[50],"development":[52],"models":[54],"that":[55,179],"can":[56],"capture":[57],"cues.To":[59],"address":[60],"these":[61],"challenges,":[62],"we":[63,106,168],"present":[64],"ToxiAlert-Bench,":[65],"large-scale":[67],"audio":[68,73],"dataset":[69,88],"comprising":[70],"over":[71,212],"30,000":[72],"clips":[74],"annotated":[75],"with":[76,112,197],"seven":[77],"major":[78],"categories":[80],"twenty":[82],"fine-grained":[83],"labels.":[85],"Uniquely,":[86],"our":[87],"annotates":[89],"toxicity":[90],"sources":[91],"--":[92,100],"distinguishing":[93],"between":[94],"textual":[95],"content":[96],"origins":[99],"for":[101,118,130,142],"comprehensive":[102],"analysis.Furthermore,":[105],"propose":[107],"dual-head":[109],"neural":[110],"network":[111],"multi-stage":[114],"training":[115,149,154],"strategy":[116],"tailored":[117],"detection.":[121],"This":[122],"architecture":[123],"features":[124,182],"two":[125],"task-specific":[126],"classification":[127],"headers:":[128],"one":[129],"identifying":[131],"source":[133],"sensitivity":[135],"(textual":[136],"or":[137],"paralinguistic),":[138],"other":[141],"categorizing":[143],"specific":[145],"type.":[147],"The":[148],"process":[150],"involves":[151],"independent":[152],"head":[153],"followed":[155],"by":[156],"joint":[157],"fine-tuning":[158],"reduce":[160],"task":[161],"interference.":[162],"To":[163],"mitigate":[164],"data":[165],"class":[166],"imbalance,":[167],"incorporate":[169],"class-balanced":[170],"sampling":[171],"weighted":[173],"loss":[174],"functions.Our":[175],"experimental":[176],"results":[177],"show":[178],"leveraging":[180],"significantly":[183],"improves":[184],"performance.":[186],"Our":[187],"method":[188],"consistently":[189],"outperforms":[190],"baselines":[192],"across":[193],"multiple":[194],"evaluation":[195],"metrics,":[196],"21.1%":[199],"relative":[200,208],"improvement":[201],"Macro-F1":[203],"score":[204],"13.0%":[207],"gain":[209],"accuracy":[211],"strongest":[214],"baseline,":[215],"highlighting":[216],"its":[217],"enhanced":[218],"effectiveness":[219],"practical":[221],"applicability.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-05-19T00:00:00"}
