{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7161262198","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.14892","title":"Beyond Individual Intelligence: Surveying Collaboration, Failure Attribution, and Self-Evolution in LLM-based Multi-Agent Systems","display_name":"Beyond Individual Intelligence: Surveying Collaboration, Failure Attribution, and Self-Evolution in LLM-based Multi-Agent Systems","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7161262198","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.14892"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.14892","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.14892","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.14892","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136194061","display_name":"Shihao Qi","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi, Shihao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136231039","display_name":"Jie Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7693-6038"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ma, Jie","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103088450","display_name":"Rui Xing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7723-6220"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xing, Rui","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136240047","display_name":"Wei Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5465-3945"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guo, Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136200275","display_name":"Xiao Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4323-382X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huang, Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136216926","display_name":"Zhitao Gao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gao, Zhitao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136273630","display_name":"Jianhao Deng","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deng, Jianhao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136190758","display_name":"Jun Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu, Jun","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136217533","display_name":"Lingling Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7013-031X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Lingling","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070094915","display_name":"Bifan Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9732-3011"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei, Bifan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136262811","display_name":"Boqian Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang, Boqian","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136270807","display_name":"Pinghui Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Pinghui","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136199718","display_name":"Jianwen Sun","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sun, Jianwen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102768294","display_name":"Jing Tao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1779-6290"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao, Jing","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065437706","display_name":"Yaqiang Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0459-5032"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wu, Yaqiang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136246953","display_name":"Hui Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8245-6025"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu, Hui","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136264017","display_name":"Yu Yao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yao, Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136258385","display_name":"Tongliang Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu, Tongliang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10456","display_name":"Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation","score":0.5922999978065491,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10456","display_name":"Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation","score":0.5922999978065491,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10906","display_name":"AI-based Problem Solving and Planning","score":0.10599999874830246,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10639","display_name":"Advanced Software Engineering Methodologies","score":0.0272000003606081,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bridging","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","score":0.6783000230789185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-research","display_name":"Open research","score":0.39320001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/term","display_name":"Term (time)","score":0.37209999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cover","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","score":0.32359999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.31200000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-agent-system","display_name":"Multi-agent system","score":0.30720001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conceptual-framework","display_name":"Conceptual framework","score":0.3057999908924103}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174348530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188635","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","level":2,"score":0.6783000230789185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6014999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4032000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778464652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309849","display_name":"Open research","level":2,"score":0.39320001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.37209999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.350600004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.3264000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780428219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16952335","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.32359999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.31200000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41550386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q529909","display_name":"Multi-agent system","level":2,"score":0.30720001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14224292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13600188","display_name":"Conceptual framework","level":2,"score":0.3057999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.301800012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2815999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.28040000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.2768999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13687954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4826847","display_name":"Autonomous agent","level":2,"score":0.27309998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148220186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7111912","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","level":2,"score":0.26600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.2648000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105446022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q445962","display_name":"Legacy system","level":3,"score":0.25929999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.2563999891281128}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.14892","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.14892","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.14892","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.14892","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"LLM-based":[0],"autonomous":[1,118],"agents":[2,49,108],"have":[3],"demonstrated":[4],"strong":[5],"capabilities":[6],"in":[7],"reasoning,":[8],"planning,":[9],"and":[10,24,50,60,115,127,142,157,174,205],"tool":[11],"use,":[12],"yet":[13],"remain":[14],"limited":[15],"when":[16],"tasks":[17],"require":[18],"sustained":[19],"coordination":[20,38,180],"across":[21,48],"roles,":[22],"tools,":[23],"environments.":[25],"Multi-agent":[26],"systems":[27,166],"address":[28],"this":[29,196],"through":[30,109,113,117],"structured":[31],"collaboration":[32],"among":[33,82],"specialized":[34],"agents,":[35],"but":[36],"tighter":[37],"also":[39],"amplifies":[40],"a":[41,88,159,202,206],"less":[42],"explored":[43],"risk:":[44],"errors":[45],"can":[46],"propagate":[47],"interaction":[51],"rounds,":[52],"producing":[53],"failures":[54],"that":[55],"are":[56],"difficult":[57],"to":[58,199],"diagnose":[59],"rarely":[61],"translate":[62],"into":[63],"structural":[64],"self-improvement.":[65,119],"Existing":[66],"surveys":[67],"cover":[68],"individual":[69],"agent":[70,75,176],"capabilities,":[71],"multi-agent":[72,165,212],"collaboration,":[73,110],"or":[74],"self-evolution":[76],"separately,":[77],"leaving":[78],"the":[79,100,104,130,144],"causal":[80],"dependencies":[81,131],"them":[83],"unexamined.":[84],"This":[85],"survey":[86,197],"provides":[87],"unified":[89],"review":[90],"organized":[91],"around":[92],"four":[93],"causally":[94],"linked":[95],"stages,":[96,134],"which":[97],"we":[98,123,150],"term":[99],"LIFE":[101],"progression:":[102],"Lay":[103],"capability":[105],"foundation,":[106],"Integrate":[107],"Find":[111],"faults":[112],"attribution,":[114],"Evolve":[116],"For":[120],"each":[121,137],"stage,":[122],"provide":[124],"systematic":[125,203],"taxonomies":[126],"formally":[128],"characterize":[129],"between":[132],"adjacent":[133],"revealing":[135],"how":[136],"stage":[138,155],"both":[139,201],"depends":[140],"on":[141],"constrains":[143],"next.":[145],"Beyond":[146],"synthesizing":[147],"existing":[148],"work,":[149],"identify":[151],"open":[152],"challenges":[153],"at":[154],"boundaries":[156],"propose":[158],"cross-stage":[160],"research":[161,194],"agenda":[162],"for":[163],"closed-loop":[164],"capable":[167],"of":[168,186],"continuously":[169],"diagnosing":[170],"failures,":[171],"reorganizing":[172],"structures,":[173],"refining":[175],"behaviors,":[177],"extending":[178],"current":[179],"frameworks":[181],"toward":[182,209],"more":[183],"self-organizing":[184],"forms":[185],"collective":[187],"intelligence.":[188,213],"By":[189],"bridging":[190],"these":[191],"previously":[192],"fragmented":[193],"threads,":[195],"aims":[198],"offer":[200],"reference":[204],"conceptual":[207],"roadmap":[208],"autonomous,":[210],"self-improving":[211]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-05-16T00:00:00"}
