{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7161256527","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.14290","title":"Web Agents Should Adopt the Plan-Then-Execute Paradigm","display_name":"Web Agents Should Adopt the Plan-Then-Execute Paradigm","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7161256527","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.14290"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.14290","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.14290","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.14290","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063198804","display_name":"Julien Piet","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7447-0910"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Piet, Julien","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120625689","display_name":"Annabella Chow","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chow, Annabella","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136214831","display_name":"Yiwei Hou","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hou, Yiwei","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136238665","display_name":"Muxi Lyu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lyu, Muxi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002482464","display_name":"Sylvie Venuto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5635-1916"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Venuto, Sylvie","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136192164","display_name":"Jinhao Zhu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhu, Jinhao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136211374","display_name":"Raluca Ada Popa","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Popa, Raluca Ada","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108188373","display_name":"David Wagner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5825-341X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wagner, David","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12203","display_name":"Mobile Agent-Based Network Management","score":0.453000009059906,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12203","display_name":"Mobile Agent-Based Network Management","score":0.453000009059906,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10456","display_name":"Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation","score":0.21379999816417694,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12490","display_name":"Software Engineering and Design Patterns","score":0.03539999946951866,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3303","display_name":"Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/commit","display_name":"Commit","score":0.6028000116348267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5900999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-modeling","display_name":"Web modeling","score":0.5425000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mashup","display_name":"Mashup","score":0.5238000154495239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-web","display_name":"Semantic Web","score":0.4702000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-service","display_name":"Web service","score":0.4449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-page","display_name":"Web page","score":0.4316999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-navigation","display_name":"Web navigation","score":0.41620001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-web","display_name":"Data Web","score":0.413100004196167}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7973999977111816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.6470000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19776675","display_name":"Commit","level":2,"score":0.6028000116348267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5900999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130436687","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7978591","display_name":"Web modeling","level":3,"score":0.5425000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196126337","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q821080","display_name":"Mashup","level":4,"score":0.5238000154495239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2129575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q54837","display_name":"Semantic Web","level":2,"score":0.4702000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35578498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193424","display_name":"Web service","level":2,"score":0.4449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21959979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36774","display_name":"Web page","level":2,"score":0.4316999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61096286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7978592","display_name":"Web navigation","level":3,"score":0.41620001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162005631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q54837","display_name":"Data Web","level":3,"score":0.413100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.37770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79373723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q386275","display_name":"Web development","level":3,"score":0.3741999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.3555000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118643609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189210","display_name":"Web application","level":2,"score":0.33570000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.3343999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C534406577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7550843","display_name":"Social Semantic Web","level":3,"score":0.32829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90673727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3237000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182321512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1153289","display_name":"Web standards","level":3,"score":0.319599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.31679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780154230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q513420","display_name":"Undo","level":2,"score":0.2892000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.2856999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778775528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5135432","display_name":"Closing (real estate)","level":2,"score":0.25369998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C521306242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190637","display_name":"Web design","level":3,"score":0.2535000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.2515999972820282}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.14290","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.14290","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.14290","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.14290","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6618708372116089,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ReAct":[0],"has":[1],"become":[2],"the":[3,22,81,86,98,122,127,169,176,227,234],"default":[4,24,32],"architecture":[5],"across":[6],"LLM":[7,165],"agents,":[8],"and":[9,70,143,216,237,257],"many":[10,57],"existing":[11],"web":[12,26,29,43,52,140,203],"agents":[13,30,196],"follow":[14],"this":[15,77,104,223,246],"paradigm.":[16],"We":[17,135,167],"argue":[18],"that":[19,51,145,208,251],"it":[20,119,179,243],"is":[21,50,225,263],"wrong":[23],"for":[25,93],"agents.":[27],"Instead,":[28],"should":[31],"to":[33,36,96,129,172,180,187,200,259],"plan-then-execute:":[34],"commit":[35],"a":[37,65,90,114,138,158,268],"task-specific":[38],"program":[39],"before":[40,193],"observing":[41],"runtime":[42,164],"content,":[44],"then":[45],"execute":[46],"it.":[47],"The":[48,202],"reason":[49],"content":[53,78],"mixes":[54],"inputs":[55],"from":[56,255],"parties.":[58],"An":[59],"e-commerce":[60],"product":[61],"page":[62],"may":[63,108],"combine":[64],"seller's":[66],"listing,":[67],"customer":[68],"reviews":[69],"sponsored":[71],"advertisements.":[72],"Under":[73],"ReAct,":[74],"all":[75,146],"of":[76],"flows":[79],"into":[80],"model":[82,128],"when":[83],"deciding":[84],"on":[85,175,233],"next":[87],"action,":[88],"creating":[89],"direct":[91],"path":[92],"prompt":[94],"injections":[95],"steer":[97],"agent's":[99],"control":[100],"flow.":[101],"Plan-then-execute":[102],"changes":[103],"boundary:":[105],"untrusted":[106],"data":[107],"influence":[109],"values":[110],"or":[111,125],"branches":[112],"inside":[113],"predefined":[115],"execution":[116],"graph,":[117],"but":[118],"cannot":[120],"redefine":[121],"user":[123],"task":[124],"cause":[126],"synthesize":[130],"new":[131],"actions":[132,232,239],"at":[133,222],"runtime.":[134],"analyze":[136],"WebArena,":[137],"popular":[139],"agent":[141,228],"benchmark,":[142],"find":[144],"tasks":[147,272],"are":[148],"compatible":[149],"with":[150,157,190],"plan-then-execute,":[151],"while":[152],"80%":[153],"can":[154,229],"be":[155],"completed":[156],"purely":[159],"programmatic":[160],"plan,":[161],"without":[162],"any":[163],"subroutine.":[166],"identify":[168],"main":[170],"barrier":[171],"adopting":[173],"plan-then-execute":[174],"web:":[177],"For":[178],"work":[181],"well,":[182],"tools":[183,211],"must":[184],"map":[185],"cleanly":[186],"semantic":[188],"actions,":[189],"effects":[191],"known":[192],"execution,":[194],"so":[195],"have":[197,218],"enough":[198],"information":[199],"plan.":[201],"does":[204],"not":[205,267,274],"naturally":[206],"expose":[207],"interface.":[209],"Browser":[210],"such":[212],"as":[213],"click,":[214],"type,":[215],"scroll":[217],"page-dependent":[219],"meanings.":[220],"Planning":[221],"layer":[224],"near-sighted:":[226],"only":[230,241],"see":[231],"current":[235],"page,":[236],"later":[238],"appear":[240],"after":[242],"acts.":[244],"Closing":[245],"gap":[247],"requires":[248],"typed":[249],"interfaces":[250],"turn":[252],"website":[253,284],"interactions":[254],"clicks":[256],"keystrokes":[258],"task-level":[260],"operations.":[261],"This":[262],"an":[264],"infrastructure":[265],"problem,":[266],"modeling":[269],"problem.":[270],"Web":[271],"do":[273],"need":[275,280],"reactivity":[276],"by":[277],"default;":[278],"they":[279],"typed,":[281],"complete,":[282],"auditable":[283],"APIs.":[285]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2026-05-16T00:00:00"}
