{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7161119968","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.13431","title":"Text2Score: Generating Sheet Music From Textual Prompts","display_name":"Text2Score: Generating Sheet Music From Textual Prompts","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7161119968","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.13431"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.13431","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.13431","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.13431","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136141646","display_name":"Keshav Bhandari","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bhandari, Keshav","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027945402","display_name":"Sungkyun Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8616-6631"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chang, Sungkyun","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136106472","display_name":"Abhinaba Roy","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roy, Abhinaba","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056089196","display_name":"Francesca Ronchini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6897-1645"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ronchini, Francesca","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136139189","display_name":"Emmanouil Benetos","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benetos, Emmanouil","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069548004","display_name":"Dorien Herremans","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8607-1640"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Herremans, Dorien","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136132018","display_name":"Simon Colton","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Colton, Simon","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11349","display_name":"Music Technology and Sound Studies","score":0.7242000102996826,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11349","display_name":"Music Technology and Sound Studies","score":0.7242000102996826,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":0.13529999554157257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.03660000115633011,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/closed-captioning","display_name":"Closed captioning","score":0.7190999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5554999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/notation","display_name":"Notation","score":0.5095999836921692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.49950000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.4733000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plan","display_name":"Plan (archaeology)","score":0.45890000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-generation","display_name":"Natural language generation","score":0.3862000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/musical-notation","display_name":"Musical notation","score":0.37070000171661377}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7786999940872192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157657479","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2367247","display_name":"Closed captioning","level":3,"score":0.7190999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5554999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45357846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001982","display_name":"Notation","level":2,"score":0.5095999836921692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.49950000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.4733000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776505523","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785468","display_name":"Plan (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.45890000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4284000098705292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.41110000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776187449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1513879","display_name":"Natural language generation","level":3,"score":0.3862000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88639978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q233861","display_name":"Musical notation","level":3,"score":0.37070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56666940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788790","display_name":"Documentation","level":2,"score":0.34209999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26022165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8091","display_name":"Grammar","level":2,"score":0.322299987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155092808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182557","display_name":"Computational linguistics","level":2,"score":0.31769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8797682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2115","display_name":"XML","level":2,"score":0.3019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.29789999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2969000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.2892000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109747225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815758","display_name":"Scarcity","level":2,"score":0.2818000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.2614000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.2542000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.25029999017715454}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.13431","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.13431","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.13431","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.13431","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Developing":[0],"text-driven":[1,37],"symbolic":[2,67],"music":[3,31,56],"generation":[4],"models":[5],"remains":[6],"challenging":[7],"due":[8],"to":[9,124],"the":[10,17,84,121,131,178],"scarcity":[11],"of":[12,19],"aligned":[13],"text-music":[14,81],"datasets":[15],"and":[16,49,151,167,173,183],"unreliability":[18],"automated":[20],"captioning":[21],"pipelines.":[22],"While":[23],"most":[24],"efforts":[25],"have":[26],"focused":[27],"on":[28,130,194],"MIDI,":[29],"sheet":[30,55],"representations":[32],"are":[33],"largely":[34],"underexplored":[35],"in":[36,120,187],"generation.":[38],"We":[39,176],"present":[40],"Text2Score,":[41],"a":[42,46,91,96,117,162,190],"two-stage":[43],"framework":[44,143,166],"comprising":[45],"planning":[47,85],"stage":[48,52,123],"an":[50,72,87,141],"execution":[51,122],"for":[53],"generating":[54],"from":[57,66],"natural":[58,92],"language":[59,93],"prompts.":[60],"By":[61],"deriving":[62],"supervision":[63],"signals":[64],"directly":[65],"XML":[68],"data,":[69],"we":[70,139],"propose":[71],"alternative":[73],"training":[74],"paradigm":[75],"that":[76],"bypasses":[77],"noisy":[78],"or":[79],"scarce":[80],"pairs.":[82],"In":[83],"stage,":[86],"LLM":[88,184],"orchestrator":[89],"translates":[90],"prompt":[94,152],"into":[95],"structured":[97],"measure-wise":[98],"plan":[99,112],"defining":[100],"musical":[101],"attributes":[102],"such":[103],"as":[104],"instruments,":[105],"key,":[106],"time":[107],"signatures,":[108],"harmony,":[109],"etc.":[110],"This":[111],"is":[113,192],"then":[114],"consumed":[115],"by":[116,155],"generative":[118],"model":[119],"produce":[125],"interleaved":[126],"ABC":[127],"notation":[128],"conditioned":[129],"plan's":[132],"structural":[133,149],"constraints.":[134],"To":[135],"assess":[136],"output":[137],"quality,":[138],"introduce":[140],"evaluation":[142,181],"covering":[144],"playability,":[145],"readability,":[146],"instrument":[147],"utilization,":[148],"complexity,":[150],"adherence,":[153],"validated":[154],"expert":[156],"musicians.":[157],"Text2Score":[158],"consistently":[159],"outperforms":[160],"both":[161],"pure":[163],"LLM-based":[164],"agentic":[165],"three":[168],"end-to-end":[169],"baselines":[170],"across":[171],"objective":[172],"subjective":[174],"dimensions.":[175],"open-source":[177],"dataset,":[179],"code,":[180],"set":[182],"prompts":[185],"used":[186],"this":[188],"work;":[189],"demo":[191],"available":[193],"our":[195],"project":[196],"page":[197],"(https://keshavbhandari.github.io/portfolio/text2score).":[198]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-05-15T00:00:00"}