{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7161154940","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.12990","title":"Insecure Despite Proven Updated: Extracting the Root VCEK Seed on EPYC Milan via a Software-Only Attack","display_name":"Insecure Despite Proven Updated: Extracting the Root VCEK Seed on EPYC Milan via a Software-Only Attack","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7161154940","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.12990"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.12990","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.12990","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.12990","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005564857","display_name":"Muyan Shen","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shen, Muyan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136111266","display_name":"Yu Qin","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qin, Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.8991000056266785,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.8991000056266785,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.07540000230073929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.007499999832361937,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/root","display_name":"Root (linguistics)","score":0.6100999712944031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.5157999992370605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/root-cause","display_name":"Root cause","score":0.4952000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtualization","display_name":"Virtualization","score":0.4641999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.4602999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trusted-computing","display_name":"Trusted Computing","score":0.4413999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.43479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.42980000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversary","display_name":"Adversary","score":0.42239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/firmware","display_name":"Firmware","score":0.4212000072002411}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6401000022888184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171078966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111029","display_name":"Root (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6100999712944031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.5157999992370605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84945661","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7366567","display_name":"Root cause","level":2,"score":0.4952000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513985346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270471","display_name":"Virtualization","level":3,"score":0.4641999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.4602999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776831232","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q966812","display_name":"Trusted Computing","level":2,"score":0.4413999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.43479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.42980000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41065033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2825412","display_name":"Adversary","level":2,"score":0.42239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67212190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104851","display_name":"Firmware","level":2,"score":0.4212000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141141315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2379942","display_name":"Guard (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.3910999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11560541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1756025","display_name":"Replay attack","level":3,"score":0.3626999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.3564000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.34709998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10144332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14645","display_name":"Rootkit","level":3,"score":0.34689998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.3361999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9996903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1749235","display_name":"Cryptographic nonce","level":3,"score":0.3327000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.3197000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303138","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13499","display_name":"Debit card","level":4,"score":0.31040000915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38369872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445009","display_name":"Security analysis","level":2,"score":0.3082999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775941552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25212305","display_name":"Isolation (microbiology)","level":2,"score":0.30809998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22174128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175869","display_name":"Microcode","level":2,"score":0.3001999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39217717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432354","display_name":"Hardware security module","level":3,"score":0.2989000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165136773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1363179","display_name":"Single point of failure","level":2,"score":0.2924000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.29109999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776576444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q303569","display_name":"Attack surface","level":2,"score":0.28700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C504728807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180256","display_name":"Booting","level":2,"score":0.2838999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781045450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254569","display_name":"Backdoor","level":2,"score":0.2818000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2815000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22927095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1784206","display_name":"Stateful firewall","level":3,"score":0.2718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109751979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q998767","display_name":"Failover","level":2,"score":0.26829999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147346212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5492632","display_name":"Trusted computing base","level":4,"score":0.26739999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49289754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267081","display_name":"Side channel attack","level":3,"score":0.26409998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157172786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185235","display_name":"MD5","level":3,"score":0.263700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.2612000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128619300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15263584","display_name":"Authenticated encryption","level":3,"score":0.259799987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140547941","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7797194","display_name":"Threat model","level":2,"score":0.257999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42058472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810214","display_name":"Base (topology)","level":2,"score":0.2542000114917755}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.12990","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.12990","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.12990","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.12990","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,54],"the":[1,16,35,46,50,58,63,98,108,113,125,147],"official":[2],"whitepaper":[3],"of":[4,66,121,150],"Secure":[5,9],"Encrypted":[6],"Virtualization":[7],"with":[8,34],"Nested":[10],"Paging":[11],"(SEV-SNP),":[12],"AMD":[13,99],"explicitly":[14],"emphasizes":[15],"capability":[17],"to":[18,135],"prevent":[19],"Trusted":[20],"Computing":[21],"Base":[22],"(TCB)":[23],"rollback":[24],"attacks.":[25],"Cryptographically,":[26],"this":[27,55,73,104],"is":[28,42,62,75],"realized":[29],"by":[30,44,80,117],"signing":[31],"attestation":[32,138],"reports":[33,139],"Versioned":[36],"Chip":[37],"Endorsement":[38],"Key":[39],"(VCEK),":[40],"which":[41,111],"derived":[43],"incorporating":[45],"TCB":[47],"version":[48],"into":[49],"hardware":[51,59,114],"root":[52,60,115],"seed.":[53],"architecture,":[56],"safeguarding":[57],"seed":[61,116],"ultimate":[64],"line":[65],"defense.":[67],"However,":[68],"our":[69],"research":[70],"reveals":[71],"that":[72,93],"protection":[74],"insufficient":[76],"on":[77,97,103],"EPYC":[78],"Milan":[79],"presenting":[81],"a":[82,119],"software-only":[83],"exploit.":[84],"Specifically,":[85],"we":[86,106],"firstly":[87],"introduce":[88],"MilanLaunchy":[89],"attack,":[90,110],"an":[91,133],"exploit":[92],"achieves":[94],"code":[95],"execution":[96],"secure":[100],"processor.":[101],"Building":[102],"foundation,":[105],"develop":[107],"BadFuse":[109],"extracts":[112],"exploiting":[118],"lack":[120],"write":[122],"restrictions":[123],"in":[124],"fuse":[126],"controller.":[127],"This":[128],"end-to-end":[129],"attack":[130],"chain":[131],"enables":[132],"adversary":[134],"forge":[136],"valid":[137],"for":[140],"any":[141],"firmware":[142],"version,":[143],"thereby":[144],"effectively":[145],"undermining":[146],"security":[148],"model":[149],"SEV-SNP.":[151]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2026-05-15T00:00:00"}