{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7161108541","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.12678","title":"No One Knows the State of the Art in Geospatial Foundation Models","display_name":"No One Knows the State of the Art in Geospatial Foundation Models","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7161108541","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.12678"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.12678","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.12678","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.12678","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136162732","display_name":"Isaac Corley","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Corley, Isaac","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112940564","display_name":"Nils Lehmann","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lehmann, Nils","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136184035","display_name":"Caleb Robinson","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robinson, Caleb","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008975245","display_name":"Gabriel Tseng","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tseng, Gabriel","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136095260","display_name":"Anthony Fuller","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fuller, Anthony","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002459081","display_name":"Hamed Alemohammad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5662-3643"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alemohammad, Hamed","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023786468","display_name":"Evan Shelhamer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5228-3095"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shelhamer, Evan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136149068","display_name":"Jennifer Marcus","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marcus, Jennifer","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136163317","display_name":"Hannah Kerner","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kerner, Hannah","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5136162732"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10757","display_name":"Geographic Information Systems Studies","score":0.5527999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10757","display_name":"Geographic Information Systems Studies","score":0.5527999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11819","display_name":"Data-Driven Disease Surveillance","score":0.051600001752376556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11502","display_name":"Facility Location and Emergency Management","score":0.036400001496076584,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geospatial-analysis","display_name":"Geospatial analysis","score":0.8457000255584717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foundation","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","score":0.7041000127792358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","score":0.589900016784668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.5550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nobody","display_name":"nobody","score":0.5081999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variance","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","score":0.4090999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.36899998784065247}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9770341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Geospatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.8457000255584717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780966255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5474306","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","level":2,"score":0.7041000127792358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6236000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.589900016784668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.5580999851226807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36914074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940501","display_name":"nobody","level":2,"score":0.5081999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196083921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.4090999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.36899998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164226766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293202","display_name":"Rank (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.36570000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2164484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170150","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","level":2,"score":0.3467999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780719617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1030752","display_name":"Salient","level":2,"score":0.3343999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.3294999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.3125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2784999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2782999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.2535000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778805511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1713","display_name":"Citation","level":2,"score":0.2524999976158142}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.12678","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.12678","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.12678","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.12678","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8339461088180542,"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Geospatial":[0],"foundation":[1,60],"models":[2,28],"(GFMs)":[3],"have":[4,192],"been":[5],"proposed":[6],"as":[7],"generalizable":[8],"backbones":[9],"for":[10,86,107],"disaster":[11],"response,":[12],"land-cover":[13],"mapping,":[14],"food-security":[15],"monitoring,":[16],"and":[17,76,112,127,164],"other":[18,124],"high-stakes":[19],"Earth-observation":[20],"tasks.":[21],"Yet":[22],"the":[23,51,55,68,108,180,189,200],"published":[24],"work":[25],"about":[26],"these":[27],"does":[29,71],"not":[30,72,173],"give":[31],"reviewers":[32],"or":[33,81,90],"users":[34],"enough":[35,85],"information":[36],"to":[37,88,194,204,214],"tell":[38],"which":[39],"model":[40,134],"fits":[41],"a":[42,94,121,170,174,209],"given":[43],"task.":[44],"We":[45,144],"argue":[46],"that":[47],"nobody":[48],"knows":[49],"what":[50],"current":[52],"state":[53],"of":[54,102,129,138,176,182,212],"art":[56],"is":[57],"in":[58,188],"geospatial":[59],"models.":[61],"The":[62],"methods":[63],"may":[64],"be":[65,142],"useful,":[66],"but":[67],"GFM":[69,130,190],"literature":[70],"standardize":[73],"evaluations,":[74,154],"training":[75],"testing":[77],"protocols,":[78],"released":[79],"weights,":[80],"pretraining":[82,118],"controls":[83],"well":[84],"anyone":[87],"compare":[89],"rank":[91],"them.":[92,195],"In":[93],"152-paper":[95],"audit,":[96],"we":[97,202],"find":[98],"46":[99],"cross-paper":[100],"disagreements":[101],"at":[103],"least":[104],"10":[105],"points":[106],"same":[109],"model,":[110],"benchmark,":[111],"protocol;":[113],"94/126":[114],"papers":[115,131],"with":[116],"extractable":[117],"data":[119],"use":[120],"configuration":[122],"no":[123,133],"paper":[125],"uses;":[126],"39%":[128],"release":[132],"weights.":[135],"This":[136],"lack":[137],"community":[139],"standards":[140],"can":[141],"solved.":[143],"propose":[145],"six":[146],"concrete":[147,206],"expectations:":[148],"named-license":[149],"weight":[150],"release,":[151],"shared":[152,161,210],"core":[153],"copied-versus-rerun":[155],"baseline":[156],"annotations,":[157],"variance":[158],"reporting,":[159],"one":[160],"evaluation":[162],"harness,":[163],"data-vs-architecture-vs-algorithm":[165],"controls.":[166],"These":[167],"gaps":[168],"are":[169],"coordination":[171],"failure,":[172],"fault":[175],"any":[177],"individual":[178],"lab;":[179],"authors":[181],"this":[183],"paper,":[184],"like":[185],"many":[186],"others":[187],"community,":[191,201],"contributed":[193],"Rather":[196],"than":[197],"just":[198],"critiquing":[199],"aim":[203],"provide":[205],"steps":[207],"toward":[208],"understanding":[211],"how":[213],"innovate":[215],"GFMs.":[216]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-15T06:12:33.780692","created_date":"2026-05-15T00:00:00"}
