{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7160997580","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.11891","title":"Proteus: A Self-Evolving Red Team for Agent Skill Ecosystems","display_name":"Proteus: A Self-Evolving Red Team for Agent Skill Ecosystems","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7160997580","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.11891"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.11891","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.11891","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.11891","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120630032","display_name":"Zhaojiacheng Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhou, Zhaojiacheng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5120630032"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.3813000023365021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.3813000023365021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.21950000524520874,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.19670000672340393,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/executable","display_name":"Executable","score":0.7013999819755554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/audit","display_name":"Audit","score":0.6972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.4970000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.4902999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow","display_name":"Workflow","score":0.4311000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/harm","display_name":"Harm","score":0.4108000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accountability","display_name":"Accountability","score":0.4027000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vetting","display_name":"Vetting","score":0.37860000133514404}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160145156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778586","display_name":"Executable","level":2,"score":0.7013999819755554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199521495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181487","display_name":"Audit","level":2,"score":0.6972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5943999886512756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.4970000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.4902999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.4311000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777363581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15098235","display_name":"Harm","level":2,"score":0.4108000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4043999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776007630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798912","display_name":"Accountability","level":2,"score":0.4027000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777230681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7923820","display_name":"Vetting","level":2,"score":0.37860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.3578999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.35030001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.3375999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.33379998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.33149999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80958533","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1047174","display_name":"Audit trail","level":3,"score":0.32249999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.27140000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.2644999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.2637999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44725695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288156","display_name":"Normative","level":2,"score":0.2628999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776360696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938414","display_name":"Taxpayer","level":2,"score":0.2563000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781251061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416089","display_name":"Evasion (ethics)","level":3,"score":0.25589999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.25110000371932983}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.11891","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.11891","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.11891","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.11891","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Agent":[0],"skills":[1,18],"extend":[2],"LLM":[3],"agents":[4],"with":[5,174,192],"reusable":[6],"instructions,":[7],"tool":[8],"interfaces,":[9],"and":[10,13,22,32,55,84,90,122,143,189,201],"executable":[11,30],"code,":[12],"users":[14],"increasingly":[15],"install":[16],"third-party":[17],"from":[19],"marketplaces,":[20],"repositories,":[21],"community":[23],"channels.":[24],"Because":[25],"a":[26,49,72,78,93,103,113],"skill":[27,79,220],"exposes":[28],"both":[29,179],"behavior":[31],"context-setting":[33],"documentation,":[34],"its":[35],"deployment":[36],"risk":[37,66,225],"cannot":[38],"be":[39],"measured":[40],"by":[41],"single-shot":[42],"audits":[43],"or":[44],"prompt-level":[45],"red":[46],"teams":[47],"alone:":[48],"realistic":[50],"attacker":[51,74],"can":[52,75],"use":[53],"audit":[54,83,120],"runtime":[56,87,123],"feedback":[57],"to":[58,125,151,212],"repeatedly":[59],"rewrite":[60],"the":[61,156,203],"skill.":[62],"We":[63],"frame":[64],"this":[65],"as":[67],"\\emph{adaptive":[68],"leakage}":[69],"--":[70,89],"whether":[71],"budgeted":[73],"iteratively":[76],"revise":[77],"until":[80],"it":[81],"passes":[82],"produces":[85,185],"verified":[86],"harm":[88],"present":[91],"\\ours{},":[92],"grey-box":[94],"self-evolving":[95],"red-team":[96],"framework":[97],"for":[98],"measuring":[99],"it.":[100],"Proteus":[101,132,164],"searches":[102],"formalized":[104],"five-axis":[105],"skill-attack":[106],"space.":[107],"Each":[108],"candidate":[109],"is":[110],"evaluated":[111,180,227],"through":[112],"unified":[114],"audit-sandbox-oracle":[115],"pipeline":[116],"that":[117,218],"returns":[118],"structured":[119],"findings":[121],"evidence":[124],"guide":[126],"cross-round":[127],"mutation.":[128],"Beyond":[129],"initial":[130],"evasion,":[131],"performs":[133],"path":[134],"expansion,":[135,145],"which":[136,146],"finds":[137],"alternative":[138],"implementations":[139],"of":[140],"successful":[141],"attacks,":[142],"surface":[144],"transfers":[147],"learned":[148],"implementation":[149],"patterns":[150],"new":[152],"attack":[153],"objectives":[154],"beyond":[155],"original":[157],"seed":[158],"catalogue.":[159],"Across":[160],"eight":[161],"phase-1":[162],"cells,":[163],"reaches":[165],"40--90\\%":[166],"Attack":[167],"Success":[168],"Rate":[169],"at":[170,195],"$5$":[171],"rounds":[172],"(ASR@5)":[173],"positive":[175],"learning-curve":[176],"slopes":[177],"on":[178],"auditors.":[181],"Phase-2":[182],"path/surface":[183],"expansion":[184],"438":[186],"jointly":[187],"bypassing":[188],"lethal":[190],"variants,":[191],"SkillVetter":[193],"bypassed":[194],"$\\geq":[196],"93\\%$":[197],"in":[198],"every":[199],"cell":[200],"AI-Infra-Guard,":[202],"strongest":[204],"public":[205],"auditor":[206],"we":[207],"evaluate,":[208],"still":[209],"admitting":[210],"up":[211],"41.3\\%":[213],"joint-success.":[214],"These":[215],"results":[216],"show":[217],"current":[219],"vetting":[221],"substantially":[222],"underestimates":[223],"residual":[224],"when":[226],"against":[228],"adaptive,":[229],"feedback-driven":[230],"attackers.":[231]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2026-05-14T00:00:00"}
