{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7160986114","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.11706","title":"GRAFT: Graph-Tokenized LLMs for Tool Planning","display_name":"GRAFT: Graph-Tokenized LLMs for Tool Planning","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7160986114","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.11706"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.11706","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.11706","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.11706","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136062892","display_name":"Xinyi Gao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gao, Xinyi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136073430","display_name":"Xinyu Ren","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ren, Xinyu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084564297","display_name":"Junliang Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3401-9829"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu, Junliang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136025396","display_name":"Tong Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen, Tong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136013432","display_name":"Quoc Viet Hung Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6363-0160"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nguyen, Quoc Viet Hung","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136011673","display_name":"Hongzhi Yin","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yin, Hongzhi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.13650000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.13650000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.10819999873638153,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.07760000228881836,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.569100022315979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.5623999834060669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plan","display_name":"Plan (archaeology)","score":0.5440999865531921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5090000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.48080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dependency","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","score":0.47699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.46230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dependency-graph","display_name":"Dependency graph","score":0.38119998574256897}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7319999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.569100022315979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.5623999834060669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776505523","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785468","display_name":"Plan (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5440999865531921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5090000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.48080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19768560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320727","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","level":2,"score":0.47699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.46230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4323999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.38519999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16311509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4148050","display_name":"Dependency graph","level":3,"score":0.38119998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48145219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335365","display_name":"Security token","level":2,"score":0.35920000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146380142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1137726","display_name":"Directed graph","level":2,"score":0.35010001063346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.34929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779439875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1078276","display_name":"Natural language understanding","level":3,"score":0.34470000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3411000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.3237000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.31119999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.28360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42058472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810214","display_name":"Base (topology)","level":2,"score":0.2685000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183322885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17007702","display_name":"Context model","level":3,"score":0.2667999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.2662000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.25600001215934753}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.11706","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.11706","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.11706","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.11706","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7447124719619751,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"language":[1,131],"models":[2],"(LLMs)":[3],"are":[4],"increasingly":[5],"used":[6],"to":[7,71,114,148],"complete":[8],"complex":[9,203],"tasks":[10],"by":[11,93,143],"selecting":[12],"and":[13,46,110,153,193],"coordinating":[14],"external":[15,60],"tools":[16],"across":[17],"multiple":[18],"steps.":[19],"This":[20,88],"requires":[21],"aligning":[22],"tool":[23,44,73,100,136,141,146,156,166,200],"choices":[24,74],"with":[25,50,75],"subtask":[26,78],"intent":[27],"while":[28,177],"satisfying":[29],"directional":[30],"execution":[31,120],"dependencies":[32,42,157],"among":[33],"tools.":[34],"To":[35,122],"do":[36],"this,":[37],"existing":[38],"methods":[39],"model":[40,132,171],"these":[41,59,124],"as":[43],"graphs":[45,49],"incorporate":[47],"the":[48,76,103,118,140,159,170],"LLMs":[51],"through":[52],"retrieval,":[53],"serialization,":[54],"or":[55],"prompt-level":[56],"injection.":[57],"However,":[58],"graph-use":[61],"strategies":[62],"all":[63],"follow":[64],"a":[65,129,149],"matching":[66,192],"paradigm,":[67],"which":[68],"often":[69],"fails":[70],"align":[72],"underlying":[77],"structure,":[79],"producing":[80],"semantically":[81],"plausible":[82],"plans":[83],"that":[84,184],"violate":[85],"graph":[86,108,142],"constraints.":[87],"issue":[89],"is":[90],"further":[91,163],"exacerbated":[92],"error":[94],"accumulation,":[95],"where":[96],"an":[97,106],"early":[98],"incorrect":[99],"selection":[101],"shifts":[102],"plan":[104],"into":[105],"invalid":[107],"state":[109],"causes":[111],"subsequent":[112],"predictions":[113],"drift":[115],"away":[116],"from":[117],"valid":[119],"path.":[121],"address":[123],"challenges,":[125],"we":[126],"propose":[127],"GRAFT,":[128],"graph-tokenized":[130],"framework":[133],"for":[134],"dependency-aware":[135],"planning.":[137],"GRAFT":[138,185],"internalizes":[139],"mapping":[144],"each":[145],"node":[147],"dedicated":[150],"special":[151],"token":[152],"learning":[154],"directed":[155],"within":[158],"representation":[160],"space.":[161],"It":[162],"introduces":[164],"on-policy":[165],"context":[167],"distillation,":[168],"training":[169],"on":[172],"its":[173],"own":[174],"sampled":[175],"trajectories":[176],"distilling":[178],"stepwise":[179],"planning":[180,201],"signals.":[181],"Experiments":[182],"show":[183],"achieves":[186],"state-of-the-art":[187],"performance":[188],"in":[189,202],"exact":[190],"sequence":[191],"dependency":[194],"legality,":[195],"supporting":[196],"more":[197],"reliable":[198],"LLM":[199],"workflows.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-05-14T00:00:00"}
