{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7161013482","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.11402","title":"More Than Meets the Eye: A Semantics-Aware Traffic Augmentation Framework for Generalizable Website Fingerprinting","display_name":"More Than Meets the Eye: A Semantics-Aware Traffic Augmentation Framework for Generalizable Website Fingerprinting","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7161013482","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.11402"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.11402","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.11402","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.11402","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102835789","display_name":"Youquan Xian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2704-7094"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xian, Youquan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066932465","display_name":"Xueying Zeng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6346-365X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zeng, Xueying","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136040891","display_name":"Lingjia Meng","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meng, Lingjia","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136046905","display_name":"Lei Cui","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cui, Lei","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136014839","display_name":"Runhan Song","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Song, Runhan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136021459","display_name":"Wei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5089-0000"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136048601","display_name":"Zhengquan Ding","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ding, Zhengquan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136022945","display_name":"Peng Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7493-6473"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu, Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136044726","display_name":"Zhiyu Hao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao, Zhiyu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9642000198364258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9642000198364258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.0032999999821186066,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.002899999963119626,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.7185999751091003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.6459000110626221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame","display_name":"Frame (networking)","score":0.6410999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5706999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.5601999759674072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequence","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","score":0.5435000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","score":0.5317999720573425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.48669999837875366}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.7185999751091003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6459000110626221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.6410999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5706999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.5601999759674072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5435000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.5317999720573425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.5128999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.48669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.44920000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32848918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845789","display_name":"Observable","level":2,"score":0.4361000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4049000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.3596000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.31299999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775851571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6045205","display_name":"Interaction protocol","level":3,"score":0.3093999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121375916","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q936559","display_name":"Principle of compositionality","level":2,"score":0.3018999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.29760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2973000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154504017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853614","display_name":"Identifier","level":2,"score":0.2939000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776235265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18392052","display_name":"Fragment (logic)","level":2,"score":0.2797999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.26589998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.25929999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56666940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788790","display_name":"Documentation","level":2,"score":0.25589999556541443}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.11402","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.11402","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.11402","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.11402","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.43732887506484985,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"learning-based":[1],"website":[2],"fingerprinting":[3],"has":[4],"emerged":[5],"as":[6],"an":[7],"effective":[8],"technique":[9],"for":[10],"inferring":[11],"the":[12,44,79,103,165,172,178,206],"websites":[13],"users":[14],"visit.":[15],"Although":[16],"existing":[17],"methods":[18],"achieve":[19],"strong":[20],"performance":[21,179],"on":[22,99,118],"closed-world":[23],"datasets,":[24],"they":[25],"often":[26],"fail":[27],"to":[28,30],"generalize":[29],"real-world":[31],"environments,":[32],"especially":[33],"under":[34,114],"geographic":[35],"and":[36,55,73,110,149,175,185,198],"temporal":[37],"shifts.":[38],"This":[39],"limitation":[40],"fundamentally":[41],"stems":[42],"from":[43,164],"coupled":[45],"effects":[46],"of":[47,180,205],"two":[48],"key":[49],"challenges:":[50],"application-layer":[51,95],"resource":[52,104],"composition":[53,105],"variability":[54],"observable":[56,74,150],"feature":[57,128,144],"instability":[58],"induced":[59],"by":[60,196,200],"cross-layer":[61,127,143],"encapsulation.":[62],"Intertwined,":[63],"these":[64,119],"factors":[65],"induce":[66],"systematic":[67],"shifts":[68],"between":[69,146],"underlying":[70],"application":[71],"semantics":[72,148],"traffic":[75,88,159],"features.":[76],"To":[77],"address":[78],"above":[80],"challenges,":[81],"we":[82,123],"propose":[83],"SATA":[84,92,156,193],",":[85],"a":[86,126],"semantics-aware":[87],"augmentation":[89,97],"framework.":[90],"Specifically,":[91],"first":[93],"performs":[94],"semantic":[96],"based":[98],"protocol":[100,115],"rules,":[101],"expanding":[102],"patterns":[106,113,160],"within":[107],"each":[108],"flow":[109],"frame":[111,121,136],"sequence":[112,137,140],"constraints.":[116],"Based":[117],"augmented":[120],"sequences,":[122],"further":[124],"introduce":[125],"alignment":[129,145],"mechanism":[130],"via":[131],"knowledge":[132],"distillation.":[133],"It":[134],"aligns":[135],"with":[138],"packet-length":[139],"features,":[141],"enabling":[142],"enhanced":[147],"sequences.":[151],"Extensive":[152],"experiments":[153],"show":[154],"that":[155,161],"successfully":[157],"generates":[158],"are":[162],"absent":[163],"training":[166],"set":[167],"but":[168],"genuinely":[169],"exist":[170],"in":[171,190],"test":[173],"set,":[174],"significantly":[176],"improves":[177,194],"mainstream":[181],"models":[182],"across":[183],"diverse":[184],"complex":[186],"scenarios.":[187],"In":[188],"particular,":[189],"open-world":[191],"settings,":[192],"ACC":[195],"90.81%":[197],"AUROC":[199],"48.37%.":[201],"The":[202],"source":[203],"code":[204],"prototype":[207],"system":[208],"is":[209],"available":[210],"at":[211],"https://anonymous.4open.science/r/SATA-B6C2/.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-05-14T00:00:00"}