{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7161052320","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.11315","title":"Natural Language based Specification and Verification","display_name":"Natural Language based Specification and Verification","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7161052320","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.11315"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.11315","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.11315","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.11315","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136011878","display_name":"Zhaorui Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Zhaorui","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136033538","display_name":"Chengyu Song","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Song, Chengyu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.19169999659061432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.19169999659061432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12479","display_name":"Web Application Security Vulnerabilities","score":0.11800000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.08579999953508377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation","display_name":"Implementation","score":0.737500011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.4846999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-specification","display_name":"Formal specification","score":0.4596000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-verification","display_name":"Formal verification","score":0.45660001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.43939998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-methods","display_name":"Formal methods","score":0.41440001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/specification-language","display_name":"Specification language","score":0.37470000982284546}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7777000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.737500011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.6704000234603882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.4846999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116253237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437424","display_name":"Formal specification","level":2,"score":0.4596000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111498074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173326","display_name":"Formal verification","level":2,"score":0.45660001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.43939998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.4153999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75606506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049183","display_name":"Formal methods","level":2,"score":0.41440001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201677973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1209840","display_name":"Specification language","level":2,"score":0.37470000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15077461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7248507","display_name":"Programming language specification","level":5,"score":0.3603000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.35690000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.30480000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185954173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4347052","display_name":"Object language","level":3,"score":0.28760001063346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985583900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q722617","display_name":"Formal description","level":2,"score":0.26910001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111065885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1189053","display_name":"Fuzz testing","level":3,"score":0.26330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97686452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7604153","display_name":"Static analysis","level":2,"score":0.2558000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195344581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2555318","display_name":"Automated reasoning","level":2,"score":0.2515000104904175}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.11315","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.11315","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.11315","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.11315","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"frontier":[1],"large":[2],"language":[3],"models":[4,32],"(LLMs)":[5],"have":[6],"shown":[7],"strong":[8],"performance":[9],"in":[10,14,37,58,99],"identifying":[11],"security":[12],"vulnerabilities":[13],"large,":[15],"mature":[16],"open-source":[17],"systems.":[18],"As":[19],"LLM-generated":[20],"code":[21],"becomes":[22],"increasingly":[23],"common,":[24],"a":[25,44,80],"natural":[26,100],"goal":[27],"is":[28,109],"to":[29,47,68,86,90],"prevent":[30],"such":[31,70],"from":[33],"producing":[34],"vulnerable":[35],"implementations":[36,92],"the":[38,95],"first":[39],"place.":[40],"Formal":[41],"verification":[42,52],"offers":[43],"principled":[45],"route":[46],"this":[48,76,107],"objective,":[49],"but":[50],"existing":[51],"pipelines":[53],"typically":[54],"require":[55],"specifications":[56,88,96],"written":[57],"rigid":[59],"formal":[60],"languages.":[61],"Prior":[62],"work":[63],"has":[64],"explored":[65],"using":[66,83],"LLMs":[67,84],"synthesize":[69],"specifications,":[71],"with":[72],"limited":[73],"success.":[74],"In":[75],"paper,":[77],"we":[78],"investigate":[79],"different":[81],"approach:":[82],"both":[85],"generate":[87],"and":[89],"verify":[91],"compositionally":[93],"when":[94],"are":[97],"expressed":[98],"language.":[101],"Our":[102],"preliminary":[103],"results":[104],"suggest":[105],"that":[106],"approach":[108],"promising.":[110]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-05-14T00:00:00"}
