{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7160960532","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.10052","title":"Swarm Skills: A Portable, Self-Evolving Multi-Agent System Specification for Coordination Engineering","display_name":"Swarm Skills: A Portable, Self-Evolving Multi-Agent System Specification for Coordination Engineering","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7160960532","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.10052"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.10052","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.10052","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.10052","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135963264","display_name":"Xinyu Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Xinyu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135976322","display_name":"Zhicheng Dou","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dou, Zhicheng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135978929","display_name":"Deyang Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Deyang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135991373","display_name":"Jianjun Tao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao, Jianjun","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053452597","display_name":"Shuo Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3125-923X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng, Shuo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135926695","display_name":"Ruifeng Shi","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shi, Ruifeng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135965456","display_name":"Fangchao Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu, Fangchao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135996184","display_name":"Enrui Hu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hu, Enrui","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135972382","display_name":"Yangkai Ding","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ding, Yangkai","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135939123","display_name":"Hongbo Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0264-3046"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Hongbo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101493796","display_name":"Qi Ye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2285-3402"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ye, Qi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135985395","display_name":"Xuefeng Jin","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin, Xuefeng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135917410","display_name":"Zhangchun Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhao, Zhangchun","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10456","display_name":"Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation","score":0.38659998774528503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10456","display_name":"Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation","score":0.38659998774528503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12784","display_name":"Modular Robots and Swarm Intelligence","score":0.09099999815225601,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10639","display_name":"Advanced Software Engineering Methodologies","score":0.08799999952316284,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/swarm-behaviour","display_name":"Swarm behaviour","score":0.6736000180244446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-portability","display_name":"Software portability","score":0.6043000221252441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operationalization","display_name":"Operationalization","score":0.5259000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow","display_name":"Workflow","score":0.5131000280380249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-specification","display_name":"Formal specification","score":0.439300000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/toolchain","display_name":"Toolchain","score":0.4196000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.4140999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/system-requirements-specification","display_name":"System requirements specification","score":0.39899998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-tool","display_name":"Software tool","score":0.3682999908924103}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7537999749183655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181335050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14915018","display_name":"Swarm behaviour","level":2,"score":0.6736000180244446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.6392999887466431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63000827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3080428","display_name":"Software portability","level":2,"score":0.6043000221252441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9354725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q286017","display_name":"Operationalization","level":2,"score":0.5259000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.5131000280380249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4896000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116253237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437424","display_name":"Formal specification","level":2,"score":0.439300000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.42980000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777062904","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q545406","display_name":"Toolchain","level":3,"score":0.4196000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4140999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84651959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17052506","display_name":"System requirements specification","level":2,"score":0.39899998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984968299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1077784","display_name":"Software tool","level":3,"score":0.3682999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778648169","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q967768","display_name":"Compatibility (geochemistry)","level":2,"score":0.35510000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.3407000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.3345000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3343999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.32710000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169337768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2446723","display_name":"Swarm robotics","level":3,"score":0.3260999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548217200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251","display_name":"Java","level":2,"score":0.3068000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.29490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.29319998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13687954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4826847","display_name":"Autonomous agent","level":2,"score":0.2842999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.26840001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41550386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q529909","display_name":"Multi-agent system","level":2,"score":0.2676999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119487961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q863960","display_name":"Swarm intelligence","level":3,"score":0.267300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.2635999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174683762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q609588","display_name":"Component-based software engineering","level":4,"score":0.26159998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.2597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75606506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049183","display_name":"Formal methods","level":2,"score":0.2597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.25870001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76214141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2465506","display_name":"Separation of concerns","level":3,"score":0.25589999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111498074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173326","display_name":"Formal verification","level":2,"score":0.25529998540878296}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.10052","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.10052","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.10052","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.10052","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.7907311916351318}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"artificial":[1],"intelligence":[2],"engineering":[3],"paradigms":[4],"shift":[5],"from":[6,56],"single-agent":[7,34],"Prompt":[8],"and":[9,20,98,127,138,155],"Context":[10],"Engineering":[11],"toward":[12],"multi-agent":[13,43,80,85],"\\textbf{Coordination":[14],"Engineering},":[15],"the":[16,75,107,141,147,162],"ability":[17],"to":[18,182],"codify":[19],"systematically":[21],"improve":[22],"how":[23,169],"multiple":[24],"agents":[25],"collaborate":[26],"has":[27],"emerged":[28],"as":[29,40],"a":[30,70,99,113,156],"critical":[31],"bottleneck.":[32],"While":[33],"skills":[35],"can":[36],"now":[37],"be":[38],"distributed":[39],"portable":[41,71],"assets,":[42],"coordination":[44,185],"protocols":[45],"remain":[46],"locked":[47],"within":[48],"framework-internal":[49],"code":[50],"or":[51,61],"static":[52],"configurations,":[53],"preventing":[54],"them":[55],"being":[57],"shared":[58],"across":[59],"systems":[60],"autonomously":[62],"improved":[63],"over":[64],"time.":[65],"We":[66],"propose":[67],"\\textbf{Swarm":[68],"Skills},":[69],"specification":[72],"that":[73,91,117],"extends":[74],"Anthropic":[76],"Skills":[77,83,126,171],"standard":[78],"with":[79],"semantics.":[81],"Swarm":[82,125,170],"turns":[84],"workflows":[86],"into":[87,123],"first-class,":[88],"distributable":[89],"assets":[90],"consist":[92],"of":[93],"roles,":[94],"workflows,":[95],"execution":[96,121],"bounds,":[97],"built-in":[100],"semantic":[101],"structure":[102],"for":[103,143],"self-evolution.":[104],"To":[105],"operationalize":[106],"specification's":[108],"evolving":[109],"nature,":[110],"we":[111,167],"present":[112],"companion":[114],"self-evolution":[115],"algorithm":[116],"automatically":[118],"distills":[119],"successful":[120],"trajectories":[122],"new":[124],"continuously":[128],"patches":[129],"existing":[130],"ones":[131],"based":[132],"on":[133],"multi-dimensional":[134],"scoring":[135],"(Effectiveness,":[136],"Utilization,":[137],"Freshness),":[139],"eliminating":[140],"need":[142],"human-in-the-loop":[144],"oversight":[145],"during":[146],"refinement":[148],"process.":[149],"Through":[150],"an":[151],"architectural":[152],"compatibility":[153],"analysis":[154],"comprehensive":[157],"qualitative":[158],"case":[159],"study":[160],"using":[161],"open-source":[163],"JiuwenSwarm":[164],"reference":[165],"implementation,":[166],"demonstrate":[168],"achieves":[172],"zero-adapter":[173],"cross-agent":[174],"portability":[175],"via":[176],"progressive":[177],"disclosure,":[178],"enabling":[179],"agent":[180],"teams":[181],"self-evolve":[183],"their":[184],"strategies":[186],"without":[187],"framework":[188],"lock-in.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-05-13T00:00:00"}