{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7160935315","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.09163","title":"FORTIS: Benchmarking Over-Privilege in Agent Skills","display_name":"FORTIS: Benchmarking Over-Privilege in Agent Skills","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7160935315","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.09163"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.09163","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.09163","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.09163","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135974476","display_name":"Shawn Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Shawn","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135966372","display_name":"Chenxiao Yu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu, Chenxiao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135987869","display_name":"Han Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Han","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135914149","display_name":"Wei Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7227-5010"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang, Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135959901","display_name":"Ryan A. Rossi","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rossi, Ryan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028863551","display_name":"Franck Dernoncourt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1119-1346"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dernoncourt, Franck","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135973471","display_name":"Xiyang Hu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hu, Xiyang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135996289","display_name":"Philip Yu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu, Philip","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135969650","display_name":"Chaowei Xiao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiao, Chaowei","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135979410","display_name":"Huan Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Huan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135963418","display_name":"Yue Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhao, Yue","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.1899999976158142,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.1899999976158142,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.15860000252723694,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.0843999981880188,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmarking","display_name":"Benchmarking","score":0.6520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privilege","display_name":"Privilege (computing)","score":0.6482999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.6176000237464905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.5432999730110168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.5385000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/salient","display_name":"Salient","score":0.4083000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task-analysis","display_name":"Task analysis","score":0.3725000023841858}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.6520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780138299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3404265","display_name":"Privilege (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6482999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6176000237464905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5753999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5432999730110168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.5385000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.4341999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780719617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1030752","display_name":"Salient","level":2,"score":0.4083000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.3725000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132758656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5307365","display_name":"Dreyfus model of skill acquisition","level":2,"score":0.3546000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191795146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3878446","display_name":"Norm (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.34529998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3276999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.3174000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171268870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1486676","display_name":"GRASP","level":2,"score":0.31150001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.3043000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.29280000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2793999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.26249998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.2612999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.25679999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107806365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q253567","display_name":"Apprenticeship","level":2,"score":0.2554999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.25200000405311584}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.09163","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.09163","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.09163","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.09163","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8485252261161804,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"language":[1],"model":[2,59],"agents":[3],"increasingly":[4],"operate":[5],"through":[6],"an":[7,26],"intermediate":[8],"skill":[9,64,75,85,152,165],"layer":[10,21],"that":[11,38,48,74,96,124,163],"mediates":[12],"between":[13],"user":[14,143],"intent":[15],"and":[16,70,91,112,149],"concrete":[17],"task":[18,116],"execution.":[19],"This":[20],"is":[22,33,99,134,172],"widely":[23],"treated":[24],"as":[25],"organizational":[27],"abstraction,":[28],"but":[29],"we":[30,94],"argue":[31],"it":[32,72],"also":[34],"a":[35,46,58,66,174],"privilege":[36,178],"boundary":[37],"current":[39,181],"models":[40,90],"routinely":[41],"exceed.":[42],"We":[43],"present":[44],"\\textbf{FORTIS},":[45],"benchmark":[47],"evaluates":[49],"over-privilege":[50],"in":[51,180],"agent":[52,170],"skills":[53,111],"across":[54],"two":[55],"stages:":[56],"whether":[57,71],"selects":[60],"the":[61,84,100,104,115,129,138,164],"minimally":[62],"sufficient":[63],"from":[65,168],"large":[67],"overlapping":[68],"library,":[69],"executes":[73],"without":[76],"expanding":[77],"into":[78],"broader":[79],"tools":[80,113],"or":[81],"actions":[82],"than":[83,103,114],"permits.":[86],"Across":[87],"ten":[88],"frontier":[89],"three":[92],"domains,":[93],"find":[95],"over-privileged":[97],"behavior":[98],"norm":[101],"rather":[102],"exception.":[105],"Models":[106],"consistently":[107],"reach":[108],"for":[109,128],"higher-privilege":[110],"requires,":[117],"failing":[118],"at":[119,122],"both":[120],"stages":[121],"rates":[123],"remain":[125],"high":[126],"even":[127],"strongest":[130],"available":[131],"models.":[132],"Failure":[133],"especially":[135],"severe":[136],"under":[137],"ordinary":[139],"conditions":[140],"of":[141,155,177],"real":[142],"interaction:":[144],"incomplete":[145],"specification,":[146],"convenience":[147],"framing,":[148],"proximity":[150],"to":[151],"boundaries.":[153],"None":[154],"these":[156],"requires":[157],"adversarial":[158],"construction.":[159],"The":[160],"results":[161],"indicate":[162],"layer,":[166],"far":[167],"containing":[169],"behavior,":[171],"itself":[173],"primary":[175],"source":[176],"escalation":[179],"systems.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-05-13T00:00:00"}
