{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7160867203","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.07263","title":"Resource-Element Energy Difference for Noncoherent Over-the-Air Federated Learning","display_name":"Resource-Element Energy Difference for Noncoherent Over-the-Air Federated Learning","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7160867203","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.07263"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.07263","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.07263","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.07263","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135850879","display_name":"Hao Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen, Hao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135891780","display_name":"Zavareh Bozorgasl","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bozorgasl, Zavareh","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.8331999778747559,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.8331999778747559,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11158","display_name":"Wireless Networks and Protocols","score":0.022099999710917473,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.01549999974668026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.7024000287055969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quadratic-growth","display_name":"Quadratic growth","score":0.5425000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel-state-information","display_name":"Channel state information","score":0.510699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.5084999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.4438999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.4406999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.37610000371932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variance","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","score":0.3513000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.3287999927997589}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.7024000287055969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195956108","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268362","display_name":"Quadratic growth","level":2,"score":0.5425000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148063708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5072511","display_name":"Channel state information","level":3,"score":0.510699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.5084999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.47600001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4438999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.4406999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.42179998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.41019999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.37610000371932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196083921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.3513000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.3287999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.3257000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177918212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q803623","display_name":"Perturbation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.32260000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56985126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q854039","display_name":"Rayleigh fading","level":4,"score":0.32179999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169606439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192027","display_name":"Baud","level":3,"score":0.3091000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46244369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193709","display_name":"Rayleigh scattering","level":2,"score":0.303600013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141513077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q378542","display_name":"Independent and identically distributed random variables","level":3,"score":0.3019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.29580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.2809000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190502265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17069496","display_name":"MNIST database","level":3,"score":0.2800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110157686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q922122","display_name":"Broadcasting (networking)","level":2,"score":0.27379998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4679612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q866298","display_name":"Aggregate (composite)","level":2,"score":0.26820001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160562895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239557","display_name":"Precoding","level":4,"score":0.2676999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.25929999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.2565999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57149124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q587346","display_name":"Sleep mode","level":4,"score":0.25029999017715454}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.07263","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.07263","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.07263","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.07263","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Over-the-air":[0],"federated":[1],"learning":[2],"(OTA-FL)":[3],"reduces":[4],"uplink":[5],"latency":[6],"by":[7,23,108],"aggregating":[8],"client":[9],"updates":[10],"directly":[11],"over":[12,158],"the":[13,25,50,86,105,110,187],"wireless":[14],"multiple-access":[15],"channel.":[16],"Coherent":[17],"analog":[18],"aggregation":[19],"realizes":[20],"this":[21],"idea":[22],"aligning":[24],"phases":[26],"and":[27,43,88,103,143,149,173],"amplitudes":[28],"of":[29,91,119,183],"simultaneously":[30],"transmitted":[31],"waveforms,":[32],"which":[33],"typically":[34],"requires":[35],"synchronization,":[36],"instantaneous":[37,127],"channel-state":[38],"information":[39],"(CSI),":[40],"phase":[41],"compensation,":[42],"power":[44],"control.":[45],"Noncoherent":[46],"energy":[47,58,73],"detection":[48],"removes":[49],"need":[51],"for":[52,80,146,150],"phase-coherent":[53],"combining,":[54],"but":[55,123],"a":[56,76,151],"single":[57],"measurement":[59],"is":[60,185],"nonnegative":[61],"and,":[62],"therefore,":[63],"cannot":[64],"represent":[65],"signed":[66,82,106],"model":[67],"updates.":[68],"This":[69],"paper":[70],"introduces":[71],"resource-element":[72],"difference":[74],"(REED),":[75],"noncoherent":[77],"physical-layer":[78],"primitive":[79],"continuous":[81],"aggregation.":[83],"REED":[84,148],"maps":[85],"positive":[87],"negative":[89],"parts":[90],"each":[92,156],"real-valued":[93],"update":[94],"to":[95],"transmit":[96],"energies":[97],"on":[98],"paired":[99,162],"orthogonal":[100],"resource":[101],"elements":[102],"estimates":[104],"sum":[107],"subtracting":[109],"corresponding":[111],"received":[112],"energies.":[113],"The":[114,164],"construction":[115],"uses":[116],"slow-timescale":[117],"calibration":[118],"average":[120],"channel":[121,133],"powers,":[122],"does":[124],"not":[125],"require":[126],"transmitter-":[128],"or":[129,132],"receiver-side":[130],"CSI":[131],"inversion.":[134],"For":[135],"independent":[136],"Rayleigh":[137],"fading,":[138],"we":[139],"derive":[140],"exact":[141],"first-":[142],"second-moment":[144],"expressions":[145],"single-shot":[147],"chip-diverse":[152],"extension":[153],"that":[154],"spreads":[155],"coordinate":[157],"multiple":[159],"independently":[160],"faded":[161],"chips.":[163],"resulting":[165],"variance":[166],"laws":[167],"separate":[168],"fading-induced":[169],"self-noise,":[170],"signal-noise":[171],"interaction,":[172],"receiver-noise":[174],"fluctuation,":[175],"giving":[176],"an":[177],"explicit":[178],"diversity-resource":[179],"tradeoff.":[180],"More-&gt;The":[181],"rest":[182],"abstract":[184],"in":[186],"paper.":[188]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-05-12T00:00:00"}
