{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7160842033","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.06941","title":"Causal-Aware Foundation-Model for Bilevel Optimization in Discrete Choice Settings","display_name":"Causal-Aware Foundation-Model for Bilevel Optimization in Discrete Choice Settings","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7160842033","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.06941"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.06941","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.06941","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.06941","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020987023","display_name":"Shivaram Subramanian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8391-7321"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Subramanian, Shivaram","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109702681","display_name":"Zhengliang Xue","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xue, Zhengliang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108735860","display_name":"Markus Ettl","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ettl, Markus","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082596545","display_name":"Yingdong Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3672-0865"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lu, Yingdong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135878953","display_name":"Jayant Kalagnanam","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kalagnanam, Jayant","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11161","display_name":"Consumer Market Behavior and Pricing","score":0.27090001106262207,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1406","display_name":"Marketing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11161","display_name":"Consumer Market Behavior and Pricing","score":0.27090001106262207,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1406","display_name":"Marketing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10841","display_name":"Economic and Environmental Valuation","score":0.11230000108480453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10328","display_name":"Supply Chain and Inventory Management","score":0.09690000116825104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterfactual-thinking","display_name":"Counterfactual thinking","score":0.5299999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pricing-strategies","display_name":"Pricing strategies","score":0.4997999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bilevel-optimization","display_name":"Bilevel optimization","score":0.4659000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consumer-choice","display_name":"Consumer choice","score":0.44690001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.42989999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-choice","display_name":"Discrete choice","score":0.39430001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-pricing","display_name":"Dynamic pricing","score":0.3779999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/revenue","display_name":"Revenue","score":0.37779998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elasticity","display_name":"Elasticity (physics)","score":0.36730000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/revenue-management","display_name":"Revenue management","score":0.34880000352859497}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6715999841690063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108650721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783253","display_name":"Counterfactual thinking","level":2,"score":0.5299999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780193402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3394670","display_name":"Pricing strategies","level":2,"score":0.4997999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.48539999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3309286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4907693","display_name":"Bilevel optimization","level":3,"score":0.4659000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776314989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q833495","display_name":"Consumer choice","level":2,"score":0.44690001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.42989999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190669063","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282043","display_name":"Discrete choice","level":2,"score":0.39430001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779391423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17009728","display_name":"Dynamic pricing","level":2,"score":0.3779999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195487862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850210","display_name":"Revenue","level":2,"score":0.37779998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121854251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62932","display_name":"Elasticity (physics)","level":2,"score":0.36730000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781386248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11898700","display_name":"Revenue management","level":3,"score":0.34880000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780695315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3799040","display_name":"Unobservable","level":2,"score":0.34389999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.34209999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.3334999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51355593","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3194154","display_name":"Price elasticity of demand","level":2,"score":0.33329999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148220186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7111912","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","level":2,"score":0.3228999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778134712","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1047307","display_name":"Bundle","level":2,"score":0.3206000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.31929999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781249084","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q908656","display_name":"Preference","level":2,"score":0.3172000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3125999867916107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.31200000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73602740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7795822","display_name":"Thompson sampling","level":3,"score":0.29809999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59594135","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5249242","display_name":"Decision model","level":2,"score":0.2777000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2169973","display_name":"Service provider","level":3,"score":0.27730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181204326","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239820","display_name":"Preference learning","level":3,"score":0.27390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147764199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6865248","display_name":"Minification","level":2,"score":0.2705000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150325174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4335500","display_name":"Optimal decision","level":3,"score":0.26969999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125308379","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q363057","display_name":"Market segmentation","level":2,"score":0.2662000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183322885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17007702","display_name":"Context model","level":3,"score":0.2596000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23213687","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q301468","display_name":"Consumer behaviour","level":2,"score":0.2572999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202269582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2644277","display_name":"Complementarity (molecular biology)","level":2,"score":0.25609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8505890","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q605095","display_name":"Budget constraint","level":2,"score":0.25360000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160234255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812535","display_name":"Bayesian inference","level":3,"score":0.250900000333786}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.06941","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.06941","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.06941","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.06941","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5394099354743958,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,17,102,177],"introduce":[1],"a":[2,19,28,34],"causal":[3],"aware":[4],"foundation-model":[5],"framework":[6],"for":[7,92,184],"real":[8],"time":[9],"optimal":[10,39,185],"decision":[11,30],"making":[12],"in":[13,32,67,105,128,187],"discrete":[14,125],"choice":[15,126,151],"environments.":[16],"propose":[18],"constrained":[20],"triple-head":[21],"price":[22,71,174],"optimization":[23],"(C3PO)":[24],"network":[25],"to":[26,73,79,156],"solve":[27],"bilevel":[29],"problem":[31],"which":[33],"service":[35],"provider":[36],"selects":[37],"an":[38,88],"assortment":[40],"while":[41,77],"heterogeneous":[42],"users":[43],"make":[44],"personalized":[45,53],"acceptance":[46],"or":[47],"rejection":[48],"choices":[49],"optimizing":[50],"their":[51],"own":[52],"preferences.":[54],"C3PO":[55,115],"integrates":[56],"imitation":[57],"learning":[58,62,69,107],"of":[59,63,70],"prices,":[60],"multi-task":[61],"revenue":[64],"responses,":[65],"and":[66,112,140,143,146,198,208],"context":[68,106],"elasticity":[72,90],"generate":[74],"pricing":[75,100,167,186],"recommendations":[76],"adhering":[78],"business":[80],"constraints.":[81],"During":[82],"inference,":[83],"frontier":[84],"model":[85,131,163,183],"prompting":[86],"retrieves":[87],"enhanced":[89],"prior":[91],"new":[93],"products":[94],"from":[95,122],"behavioral":[96],"economics":[97],"literature,":[98],"improving":[99],"effectiveness.":[101],"demonstrate":[103],"strong":[104],"performance":[108],"using":[109],"simulated,":[110],"synthetic,":[111],"real-world":[113,188],"datasets.":[114],"is":[116,132],"trained":[117,133,162],"on":[118,134,148],"simulated":[119,137],"data":[120,135],"generated":[121,150],"multiple":[123,205],"classical":[124],"models":[127],"economics.":[129],"The":[130,161],"comprising":[136],"customer":[138,173],"segments":[139],"counterfactual":[141],"action":[142],"outcome":[144],"pairs":[145],"evaluated":[147],"randomly":[149],"environments":[152],"with":[153,169],"no":[154],"access":[155],"the":[157,166,180],"underlying":[158],"preference":[159],"structure.":[160],"consistently":[164],"improves":[165],"KPIs,":[168],"gains":[170,203],"increasing":[171],"as":[172,191],"sensitivity":[175],"increases.":[176],"also":[178],"deploy":[179],"tuned":[181],"foundation":[182],"applications":[189],"such":[190],"healthcare,":[192],"tender":[193],"pricing,":[194,197],"airline":[195],"ancillary":[196],"other":[199],"domains,":[200],"achieving":[201],"substantial":[202],"across":[204],"products,":[206],"markets,":[207],"divisions.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-05-12T00:00:00"}
