{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7160648613","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.06619","title":"Algospeak, Hiding in the Open: The Trade-off Between Legible Meaning and Detection Avoidance","display_name":"Algospeak, Hiding in the Open: The Trade-off Between Legible Meaning and Detection Avoidance","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7160648613","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.06619"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.06619","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.06619","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.06619","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135728178","display_name":"Jan Fillies","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fillies, Jan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073774344","display_name":"Ronald E. Robertson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4525-5050"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robertson, Ronald E.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135684406","display_name":"Jeffrey Hancock","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hancock, Jeffrey","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.3970000147819519,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.3970000147819519,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.10949999839067459,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12488","display_name":"Mental Health via Writing","score":0.05400000140070915,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meaning","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","score":0.6376000046730042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disinformation","display_name":"Disinformation","score":0.5525000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comprehension","display_name":"Comprehension","score":0.5282999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.44909998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.43619999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contrast","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","score":0.37470000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evasion","display_name":"Evasion (ethics)","score":0.3596000075340271}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6424999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780876879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3054749","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","level":2,"score":0.6376000046730042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776552730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189656","display_name":"Disinformation","level":3,"score":0.5525000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511192102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156948","display_name":"Comprehension","level":2,"score":0.5282999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4528999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4510999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.44909998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.43619999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.37470000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781251061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416089","display_name":"Evasion (ethics)","level":3,"score":0.3596000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527412718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.35899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.3499999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.34450000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3093999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.30320000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58642233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8269924","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2948000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.2793000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.2648000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.2574000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.2524999976158142}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.06619","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.06619","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.06619","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.06619","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.49647438526153564}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"large":[1],"language":[2,144],"models":[3],"(LLMs)":[4],"increasingly":[5],"mediate":[6],"both":[7],"content":[8],"generation":[9],"and":[10,24,42,55,101,132,153,174,180,192,205,210],"moderation,":[11],"linguistic":[12],"evasion":[13,68],"strategies":[14,179],"known":[15],"as":[16,57,109],"Algospeak":[17,39,204],"have":[18],"intensified":[19],"the":[20,29,46,58,73,169,187,197,201,207],"coevolution":[21],"between":[22,190],"evaders":[23],"detectors.":[25],"This":[26,194],"research":[27],"formalizes":[28],"underlying":[30],"dynamics":[31,202],"grounded":[32],"in":[33],"a":[34,84,110,116],"joint":[35],"action":[36],"model:":[37],"when":[38],"increases,":[40],"detectability":[41],"understandability":[43,191],"decrease.":[44],"Further,":[45],"concept":[47],"of":[48,75,119,168],"Majority":[49,170],"Understandable":[50,171],"Modulation":[51,172],"(MUM)":[52],"is":[53],"introduced":[54],"defined":[56],"modulation":[59,104,130,163],"level":[60],"at":[61],"which":[62],"additional":[63],"evasive":[64],"alteration":[65],"increases":[66],"detector":[67],"but":[69],"loses":[70],"comprehension":[71],"for":[72,148,155,199],"majority":[74],"recipients.":[76],"To":[77],"empirically":[78],"probe":[79],"this":[80],"trade-off,":[81],"we":[82,114],"introduce":[83],"reproducible":[85],"framework":[86],"that":[87],"can":[88],"be":[89],"used":[90],"to":[91],"create":[92],"meaning-preserving,":[93],"Algospeak-style":[94],"variants,":[95],"based":[96],"on":[97],"an":[98,166],"existing":[99],"taxonomy":[100],"with":[102,141],"tunable":[103],"levels.":[105],"Using":[106],"COVID-19":[107],"disinformation":[108,156],"first":[111],"proof-by-example":[112],"setting,":[113],"construct":[115],"reference":[117],"dataset":[118],"700":[120],"modulated":[121],"items,":[122],"drawn":[123],"from":[124],"twenty":[125],"base":[126],"sentences":[127],"across":[128,178],"five":[129],"levels":[131,164],"seven":[133,142],"strategies.":[134],"We":[135],"then":[136],"run":[137],"two":[138],"linked":[139],"evaluations":[140],"different":[143],"models:":[145],"one":[146,154],"testing":[147],"interpretation":[149],"through":[150,158],"meaning":[151],"recovery":[152],"detection":[157],"classification.":[159],"Curve":[160],"fitting":[161],"over":[162],"yields":[165],"estimate":[167],"threshold":[173],"enables":[175],"sensitivity":[176],"analyses":[177],"models,":[181],"see":[182],"Figure":[183],"1.":[184],"Results":[185],"reveal":[186],"characteristic":[188],"relationships":[189],"modulation.":[193],"study":[195],"lays":[196],"groundwork":[198],"understanding":[200],"behind":[203],"provides":[206],"framework,":[208],"dataset,":[209],"experimental":[211],"setups":[212],"described.":[213]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-05-09T00:00:00"}
