{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7160616892","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.05648","title":"The Missing Evaluation Axis: What 10,000 Student Submissions Reveal About AI Tutor Effectiveness","display_name":"The Missing Evaluation Axis: What 10,000 Student Submissions Reveal About AI Tutor Effectiveness","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7160616892","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.05648"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.05648","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.05648","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.05648","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056369790","display_name":"Rose Niousha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2587-6079"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Niousha, Rose","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059628615","display_name":"S.F. Smith","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Smith, Samantha Boatright","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000710051","display_name":"Bita Akram","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5195-5841"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akram, Bita","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134780335","display_name":"Peter Brusilovsky","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brusilovsky, Peter","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135641504","display_name":"Arto Hellas","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hellas, Arto","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135689450","display_name":"Juho Leinonen","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leinonen, Juho","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072072153","display_name":"John DeNero","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9152-3891"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"DeNero, John","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135662992","display_name":"Narges Norouzi","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Norouzi, Narges","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.517300009727478,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.517300009727478,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.19580000638961792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.06120000034570694,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tutor","display_name":"TUTOR","score":0.9140999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.5627999901771545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.5157999992370605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimension","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","score":0.44620001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.36309999227523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/higher-education","display_name":"Higher education","score":0.3237999975681305}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778371403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7672049","display_name":"TUTOR","level":2,"score":0.9140999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.5627999901771545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5339999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5157999992370605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.49399998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33676613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13415176","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.44620001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.40619999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.36309999227523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120912362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q136822","display_name":"Higher education","level":2,"score":0.3237999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179748633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7160411","display_name":"Peer tutor","level":2,"score":0.3077999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.2921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.2824000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.2614000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2587999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909807104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068473","display_name":"Computer-Assisted Instruction","level":2,"score":0.25270000100135803}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.05648","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.05648","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.05648","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.05648","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8529695868492126,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Current":[0],"Artificial":[1],"Intelligence":[2],"(AI)-based":[3],"tutoring":[4],"systems":[5],"(AI":[6],"tutors)":[7],"are":[8,99,129,140],"primarily":[9],"evaluated":[10],"based":[11],"on":[12,92],"the":[13,38],"pedagogical":[14,62,151],"quality":[15,152],"of":[16,147,161],"their":[17],"feedback":[18,39,80,94,149],"messages.":[19],"While":[20],"important,":[21],"pedagogy":[22],"alone":[23],"is":[24],"insufficient":[25],"because":[26],"it":[27,71],"ignores":[28],"a":[29,52,115,155],"critical":[30],"question:":[31],"what":[32],"do":[33,36],"students":[34,90],"actually":[35],"with":[37,51,76,144],"they":[40],"receive?":[41],"We":[42,64],"argue":[43],"that":[44,128],"AI":[45,78,109,162],"tutor":[46,79,93,163],"evaluation":[47,67],"should":[48],"be":[49],"extended":[50],"behavioral":[53,138],"dimension":[54],"grounded":[55],"in":[56,114,124],"student":[57,125,145],"interaction":[58],"data,":[59],"which":[60],"complements":[61],"assessment.":[63],"propose":[65],"an":[66,82],"framework":[68,104],"and":[69,95,158],"apply":[70],"to":[72,87,105],"10,235":[73],"code":[74],"submissions":[75],"corresponding":[77],"from":[81],"introductory":[83,117],"undergraduate":[84],"programming":[85],"course":[86,120],"measure":[88],"whether":[89,96],"act":[91],"those":[97],"actions":[98],"applied":[100],"correctly.":[101],"Using":[102],"this":[103],"compare":[106],"two":[107],"deployed":[108],"tutors":[110],"across":[111],"different":[112],"semesters":[113],"large-scale":[116],"computer":[118],"science":[119],"reveals":[121],"substantial":[122],"differences":[123],"engagement":[126],"patterns":[127],"not":[130],"captured":[131],"by":[132],"pedagogy-only":[133],"evaluation.":[134],"Moreover,":[135],"these":[136],"engagement-based":[137],"signals":[139],"more":[141,156],"strongly":[142],"associated":[143],"perception":[146],"helpful":[148],"than":[150],"alone,":[153],"providing":[154],"complete":[157],"actionable":[159],"picture":[160],"performance.":[164]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-05-09T00:00:00"}
