{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7160648165","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.05639","title":"TokenStack: A Heterogeneous HBM-PIM Architecture and Runtime for Efficient LLM Inference","display_name":"TokenStack: A Heterogeneous HBM-PIM Architecture and Runtime for Efficient LLM Inference","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7160648165","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.05639"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.05639","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.05639","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.05639","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135725758","display_name":"Zhuoran Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Zhuoran","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135727026","display_name":"Zhuohang Bian","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bian, Zhuohang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135670093","display_name":"Zihao Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huang, Zihao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135698802","display_name":"Guangyu Sun","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sun, Guangyu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135642653","display_name":"Yun Liang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liang, Yun","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051409603","display_name":"Youwei Zhuo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1557-2613"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhuo, Youwei","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.7358999848365784,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.7358999848365784,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.039900001138448715,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14347","display_name":"Big Data and Digital Economy","score":0.03669999912381172,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantization","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","score":0.6072999835014343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-token","display_name":"Security token","score":0.5299000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stack","display_name":"Stack (abstract data type)","score":0.5115000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.4099000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.40720000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bounded-function","display_name":"Bounded function","score":0.39660000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.3718000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.3682999908924103}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7563999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28855332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q198099","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.6072999835014343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48145219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335365","display_name":"Security token","level":2,"score":0.5299000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9395851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177929","display_name":"Stack (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5115000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.48579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4099000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.40720000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34388435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267362","display_name":"Bounded function","level":2,"score":0.39660000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3718000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.3682999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.35910001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135135165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q386456","display_name":"Token bucket","level":3,"score":0.35280001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42058472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810214","display_name":"Base (topology)","level":2,"score":0.3100999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.2897999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.2865999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164916973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1378386","display_name":"Leaky bucket","level":3,"score":0.2827000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197129107","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1921621","display_name":"Merge (version control)","level":2,"score":0.26159998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.2581000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.25760000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188045654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17148339","display_name":"Memory bandwidth","level":2,"score":0.257099986076355}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.05639","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.05639","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.05639","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.05639","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"language":[1],"model":[2],"(LLM)":[3],"serving":[4,108,210],"is":[5],"now":[6],"limited":[7],"by":[8,33,206,212,220],"the":[9,90,128],"key-value":[10],"(KV)":[11],"cache.":[12],"During":[13],"decode,":[14],"each":[15,116],"new":[16],"token":[17,204],"rereads":[18],"prior":[19],"KV":[20,50,60,169,179],"state,":[21],"so":[22],"attention":[23,35],"becomes":[24],"a":[25,80,100,133],"bandwidth-":[26],"and":[27,58,65,122,156,173,208,216],"capacity-heavy":[28],"memory":[29],"task.":[30],"HBM-PIM":[31,70,103],"helps":[32],"moving":[34,184],"closer":[36],"to":[37,176,187],"memory,":[38],"but":[39,88],"current":[40],"stack":[41,71,117],"organizations":[42],"still":[43],"waste":[44],"resources.":[45],"In":[46],"practice,":[47],"only":[48],"hot":[49,178],"blocks":[51],"benefit":[52],"from":[53],"near-memory":[54],"compute.":[55],"Weights,":[56],"activations,":[57],"cold":[59],"mainly":[61],"need":[62],"dense":[63,119,188],"storage":[64],"GPU-visible":[66],"bandwidth.":[67],"A":[68],"uniform":[69],"makes":[72],"all":[73],"layers":[74,121],"pay":[75],"for":[76,94,105],"PIM":[77,181],"logic,":[78],"while":[79,183],"dedicated-PIM":[81],"design":[82],"such":[83],"as":[84,132],"AttAcc":[85],"recovers":[86],"capacity":[87,120,211],"shrinks":[89],"HBM":[91],"bandwidth":[92],"left":[93],"GPU-side":[95],"work.":[96],"We":[97],"propose":[98],"TokenStack,":[99],"vertically":[101],"heterogeneous":[102],"architecture":[104],"KV-centric":[106],"LLM":[107],"that":[109,137,200],"leverages":[110],"HBM4's":[111],"logic-die":[112],"substrate.":[113],"TokenStack":[114,166,201],"separates":[115],"into":[118],"PIM-enabled":[123],"compute":[124,182],"layers,":[125],"then":[126],"uses":[127,167],"logic":[129],"base":[130],"die":[131],"stack-local":[134],"control":[135],"point":[136],"manages":[138],"cross-layer":[139,148],"movement":[140],"without":[141],"host-side":[142],"overhead.":[143],"The":[144],"base-die":[145],"controller":[146],"handles":[147],"DMA,":[149],"layered":[150],"address":[151],"translation,":[152],"attention-side":[153],"gather/broadcast":[154],"coordination,":[155],"inline":[157],"quantization":[158],"during":[159],"migration.":[160],"On":[161],"top":[162],"of":[163],"this":[164],"hardware,":[165],"topology-aware":[168],"placement,":[170],"workload-aware":[171],"eviction,":[172],"bounded":[174],"replication":[175],"keep":[177],"near":[180],"colder":[185],"state":[186],"layers.":[189],"Using":[190],"production-derived":[191],"traces":[192],"across":[193],"four":[194],"models,":[195],"completed":[196],"multi-QPS":[197],"runs":[198],"show":[199],"increases":[202],"geometric-mean":[203],"throughput":[205],"1.62x":[207],"SLO-compliant":[209],"1.70x":[213],"over":[214],"AttAcc,":[215],"reduces":[217],"per-token":[218],"energy":[219],"30-47%.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-05-09T00:00:00"}