{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7160532347","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.05058","title":"SoK: Robustness in Large Language Models against Jailbreak Attacks","display_name":"SoK: Robustness in Large Language Models against Jailbreak Attacks","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7160532347","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.05058"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.05058","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.05058","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.05058","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135612498","display_name":"Feiyue Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xu, Feiyue","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135569622","display_name":"Hongsheng Hu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hu, Hongsheng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047690196","display_name":"Chaoxiang He","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"He, Chaoxiang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135636320","display_name":"Sheng Hang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hang, Sheng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135616753","display_name":"Hanqing Hu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hu, Hanqing","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135577488","display_name":"Xiuming Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu, Xiuming","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135538113","display_name":"Yubo Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhao, Yubo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135629445","display_name":"Zhengyan Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhou, Zhengyan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135577673","display_name":"Bin Benjamin Zhu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhu, Bin Benjamin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102322263","display_name":"Shi-Feng Sun","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sun, Shi-Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008204306","display_name":"Dawu Gu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0504-9538"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gu, Dawu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135565810","display_name":"Shuo Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Shuo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":12,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.7670999765396118,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.7670999765396118,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.027000000700354576,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.024399999529123306,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6743000149726868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.6593999862670898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/threat-model","display_name":"Threat model","score":0.5544000267982483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trustworthiness","display_name":"Trustworthiness","score":0.5376999974250793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.47429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/taxonomy","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","score":0.41350001096725464}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6743000149726868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.6593999862670898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5666999816894531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140547941","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7797194","display_name":"Threat model","level":2,"score":0.5544000267982483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153701036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q659974","display_name":"Trustworthiness","level":2,"score":0.5376999974250793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.47429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58642233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8269924","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","level":2,"score":0.41350001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3939000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.39309999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.382099986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.3163999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65856478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3991682","display_name":"Attack model","level":2,"score":0.3093999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.29809999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2736999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2721000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41065033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2825412","display_name":"Adversary","level":2,"score":0.2540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778464652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309849","display_name":"Open research","level":2,"score":0.25099998712539673}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.05058","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.05058","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.05058","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.05058","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8295539617538452,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"Language":[1],"Models":[2],"(LLMs)":[3],"have":[4,50],"achieved":[5],"remarkable":[6],"success":[7,65],"but":[8],"remain":[9],"highly":[10],"susceptible":[11],"to":[12,69,180],"jailbreak":[13,86,146,175],"attacks,":[14,147],"in":[15,39],"which":[16],"adversarial":[17],"prompts":[18],"coerce":[19],"models":[20],"into":[21],"generating":[22],"harmful,":[23],"unethical,":[24],"or":[25],"policy-violating":[26],"outputs.":[27],"Such":[28],"attacks":[29,87,111,133],"pose":[30],"real-world":[31],"risks,":[32],"eroding":[33],"safety,":[34],"trust,":[35],"and":[36,47,88,90,112,117,134,151,165,188],"regulatory":[37],"compliance":[38],"high-stakes":[40],"applications.":[41],"Although":[42],"a":[43,82,94,138],"variety":[44],"of":[45,74,85,101,109,141],"attack":[46,64],"defense":[48],"methods":[49],"been":[51],"proposed,":[52],"existing":[53,110],"evaluation":[54,100],"practices":[55],"are":[56],"inadequate,":[57],"often":[58],"relying":[59],"on":[60,130,155],"narrow":[61],"metrics":[62],"like":[63],"rate":[66],"that":[67],"fail":[68],"capture":[70],"the":[71,121,142,182],"multidimensional":[72],"nature":[73],"LLM":[75,152,172,190],"security.":[76],"In":[77],"this":[78],"paper,":[79],"we":[80,126,158],"present":[81],"systematic":[83],"taxonomy":[84],"defenses":[89],"introduce":[91],"Security":[92,124],"Cube,":[93,125],"unified,":[95],"multi-dimensional":[96],"framework":[97],"for":[98,170],"comprehensive":[99],"these":[102,156],"techniques.":[103],"We":[104],"provide":[105],"detailed":[106],"comparison":[107],"tables":[108],"defenses,":[113,136,148],"highlighting":[114],"key":[115],"insights":[116],"open":[118],"challenges":[119],"across":[120],"literature.":[122],"Leveraging":[123],"conduct":[127],"benchmark":[128],"studies":[129],"13":[131],"representative":[132],"5":[135],"establishing":[137],"clear":[139],"view":[140],"current":[143],"landscape":[144],"encompassing":[145],"automated":[149],"judges,":[150],"vulnerabilities.":[153],"Based":[154],"evaluations,":[157],"distill":[159],"critical":[160],"findings,":[161],"identify":[162],"unresolved":[163],"problems,":[164],"outline":[166],"promising":[167],"research":[168],"directions":[169],"enhancing":[171],"robustness":[173],"against":[174],"attacks.":[176],"Our":[177,192],"analysis":[178],"aims":[179],"pave":[181],"way":[183],"towards":[184],"more":[185],"robust,":[186],"interpretable,":[187],"trustworthy":[189],"systems.":[191],"code":[193],"is":[194],"available":[195],"at":[196],"Code.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-05-08T00:00:00"}