{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7160504600","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.04816","title":"Building AI Companions that Prioritise Learning over Performance","display_name":"Building AI Companions that Prioritise Learning over Performance","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7160504600","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.04816"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.04816","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.04816","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.04816","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125497004","display_name":"Hassan Khosravi","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khosravi, Hassan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135573832","display_name":"Dragan Gasevic","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gasevic, Dragan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135573011","display_name":"Shazia Sadiq","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sadiq, Shazia","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135574268","display_name":"Lixiang Yan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan, Lixiang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108829477","display_name":"Jason Lodge","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lodge, Jason","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124682604","display_name":"Jason Tangen","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tangen, Jason","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125936252","display_name":"Paul Denny","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Denny, Paul","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135582164","display_name":"Kristen DiCerbo","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"DiCerbo, Kristen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135573548","display_name":"Simon Buckingham Shum","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shum, Simon Buckingham","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135548598","display_name":"Ryan S. Baker","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baker, Ryan S.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.6098999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.6098999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10636","display_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods","score":0.052000001072883606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.028699999675154686,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metacognition","display_name":"Metacognition","score":0.7157999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foundation","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","score":0.6470000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.6080999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.527899980545044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.4262000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task-analysis","display_name":"Task analysis","score":0.4196000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/active-learning","display_name":"Active learning (machine learning)","score":0.3499999940395355}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118147538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1126970","display_name":"Metacognition","level":3,"score":0.7157999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780966255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5474306","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","level":2,"score":0.6470000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6080999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5737000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.527899980545044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.4262000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.4196000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3774999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77967617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677561","display_name":"Active learning (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.3499999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162027153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2264109","display_name":"Artificial general intelligence","level":2,"score":0.3149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3093999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.3046000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778365744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2426689","display_name":"Learning environment","level":2,"score":0.3012000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.2833000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96427005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98442705","display_name":"Learning sciences","level":3,"score":0.27869999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.2757999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778310160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4896466","display_name":"Meaningful learning","level":2,"score":0.2651999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51672120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q303446","display_name":"Cooperative learning","level":3,"score":0.26100000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125014702","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4680749","display_name":"Adaptive learning","level":2,"score":0.26010000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92393732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1790374","display_name":"Learning theory","level":2,"score":0.25450000166893005}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.04816","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.04816","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.04816","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.04816","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.7630276679992676,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"language":[1],"models":[2],"(LLMs)":[3],"are":[4,202],"rapidly":[5],"transforming":[6],"knowledge":[7,51],"work":[8],"by":[9],"improving":[10],"the":[11,59,81,163],"quality":[12],"and":[13,21,53,68,132,143,158,165,186,209,215],"efficiency":[14],"of":[15,61,83,168],"tasks":[16],"such":[17],"as":[18,88,193],"writing,":[19],"coding,":[20],"data":[22],"analysis.":[23],"However,":[24],"their":[25,105,207],"growing":[26],"use":[27],"in":[28],"education":[29],"has":[30],"exposed":[31],"a":[32,102,112,133,176],"learning-performance":[33],"paradox:":[34],"while":[35],"they":[36,42],"can":[37],"enhance":[38],"short-term":[39],"task":[40],"performance,":[41,185],"may":[43],"also":[44],"undermine":[45],"genuine":[46],"learning,":[47],"including":[48],"cognitive":[49],"growth,":[50,214],"transfer,":[52],"metacognitive":[54,213],"development.":[55],"This":[56],"paper":[57],"addresses":[58],"question":[60],"how":[62,117,127],"artificial":[63],"intelligence":[64],"should":[65],"be":[66],"designed":[67,94,182],"used":[69],"to":[70,191,206],"support":[71],"learning":[72,85,98,199],"rather":[73],"than":[74],"merely":[75],"improve":[76],"immediate":[77],"outputs.":[78],"We":[79,100,171],"introduce":[80],"concept":[82],"AI":[84,128,198],"companions,":[86],"defined":[87],"adaptive,":[89],"pedagogically":[90,203],"informed,":[91],"LLM-powered":[92],"agents":[93],"for":[95,104,183],"integration":[96],"into":[97],"environments.":[99],"propose":[101],"framework":[103,146],"design":[106,135],"built":[107],"on":[108,116,126],"three":[109],"interrelated":[110],"foundations:":[111],"pedagogical":[113],"foundation":[114,124,136],"focused":[115,125],"students":[118],"learn":[119],"with":[120],"AI,":[121],"an":[122],"adaptive":[123],"learns":[129],"about":[130],"students,":[131],"responsible":[134],"ensuring":[137],"systems":[138],"remain":[139],"transparent,":[140],"accountable,":[141],"inclusive,":[142],"secure.":[144],"The":[145],"is":[147,175],"illustrated":[148],"through":[149],"five":[150],"case":[151],"studies":[152],"spanning":[153],"diverse":[154],"educational":[155],"contexts,":[156],"levels,":[157],"tool":[159],"designs,":[160],"revealing":[161],"both":[162],"promise":[164],"current":[166],"limitations":[167],"existing":[169],"tools.":[170],"conclude":[172],"that":[173,201],"there":[174],"necessary":[177],"shift":[178],"away":[179],"from":[180],"LLMs":[181],"task-oriented":[184],"beyond":[187],"simply":[188],"prompting":[189],"them":[190],"act":[192],"tutors,":[194],"toward":[195],"deliberately":[196],"developed":[197],"companions":[200],"sound,":[204],"adapt":[205],"learners,":[208],"foster":[210],"durable":[211],"understanding,":[212],"learner":[216],"agency.":[217]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-05-08T00:00:00"}