{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7160403902","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.03713","title":"SPEC CPU2026: Characterization, Representativeness, and Cross-Suite Comparison","display_name":"SPEC CPU2026: Characterization, Representativeness, and Cross-Suite Comparison","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7160403902","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.03713"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.03713","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.03713","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.03713","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101477549","display_name":"Ruihao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7092-2401"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Ruihao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135442078","display_name":"Andrew Jacob","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jacob, Andrew","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031510918","display_name":"Neeraja J. Yadwadkar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7556-3069"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yadwadkar, Neeraja J.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135493076","display_name":"Lizy K. John","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John, Lizy K.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.78329998254776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.78329998254776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.1324000060558319,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14347","display_name":"Big Data and Digital Economy","score":0.011599999852478504,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spec#","display_name":"Spec#","score":0.995199978351593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/suite","display_name":"Suite","score":0.5892999768257141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.5533999800682068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/central-processing-unit","display_name":"Central processing unit","score":0.4368000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compiler","display_name":"Compiler","score":0.38359999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representativeness-heuristic","display_name":"Representativeness heuristic","score":0.3695000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proxy","display_name":"Proxy (statistics)","score":0.31790000200271606}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778565505","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2207566","display_name":"Spec#","level":2,"score":0.995199978351593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7095000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79581498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1367530","display_name":"Suite","level":2,"score":0.5892999768257141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5533999800682068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.5471000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49154492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5300","display_name":"Central processing unit","level":2,"score":0.4368000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.4250999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169590947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47506","display_name":"Compiler","level":2,"score":0.38359999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37381756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20203288","display_name":"Representativeness heuristic","level":2,"score":0.3695000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780148112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432581","display_name":"Proxy (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.31790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174348530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188635","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","level":2,"score":0.3172000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.2978000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190902152","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1325106","display_name":"Optimizing compiler","level":3,"score":0.28439998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202491316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272683","display_name":"Instruction set","level":2,"score":0.26339998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20556612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4469374","display_name":"Volume (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.26260000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.25679999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133875982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q764810","display_name":"Shared memory","level":2,"score":0.2517000138759613}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.03713","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.03713","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.03713","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.03713","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.46996772289276123,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Specialized":[0],"accelerators":[1,11],"dominate":[2],"AI":[3],"workloads,":[4],"but":[5],"CPUs":[6],"remain":[7],"critical":[8],"for":[9,223],"orchestrating":[10],"and":[12,28,66,78,81,108,148,179,190,199],"running":[13],"daily":[14],"services.":[15],"CPU":[16,38,49,171,221],"performance":[17],"therefore":[18],"shapes":[19],"end-to-end":[20],"system":[21],"efficiency,":[22],"making":[23],"benchmarks":[24],"reflect":[25],"modern":[26,117],"workloads":[27,130,203],"bottlenecks.":[29],"Yet":[30],"it":[31,161],"remains":[32,156],"unclear":[33],"whether":[34],"the":[35,42,53,99,218,224],"newest":[36],"general-purpose":[37,159,220],"benchmark":[39],"suite":[40,101],"changes":[41],"architectural":[43,209],"conclusions":[44],"drawn":[45],"from":[46],"prior":[47,169],"SPEC":[48,58,71,73,142,145,154,170,206,215],"generations.":[50],"We":[51,139],"present":[52],"first":[54],"comprehensive":[55],"characterization":[56],"of":[57,98,128,136,227],"CPU2026":[59,74,143,155,207,216],"across":[60],"nine":[61],"recent":[62],"Intel,":[63],"AMD,":[64],"Ampere,":[65],"Nvidia":[67],"platforms.":[68],"Compared":[69],"with":[70],"CPU2017,":[72,146],"increases":[75],"instruction":[76],"volume":[77],"memory":[79],"footprint":[80],"shifts":[82,91],"pressure":[83,167],"toward":[84],"emerging":[85],"bottlenecks,":[86],"especially":[87],"instruction-cache":[88],"stress.":[89],"These":[90],"raise":[92],"two":[93],"practical":[94],"questions:":[95],"how":[96,109],"much":[97],"new":[100],"is":[102],"needed":[103],"to":[104,116,164],"preserve":[105,134],"behavioral":[106],"coverage,":[107],"should":[110],"that":[111,133,205],"coverage":[112],"be":[113],"interpreted":[114],"relative":[115],"domain-specific":[118],"suites?":[119],"Using":[120],"clustering-based":[121],"representativeness":[122],"analysis,":[123],"we":[124],"identify":[125],"compact":[126],"subsets":[127],"4-5":[129],"per":[131],"group":[132],"96.4-99.9%":[135],"full-suite":[137],"behavior.":[138],"then":[140],"compare":[141],"against":[144],"DCPerf,":[147],"MLPerf":[149,178],"using":[150],"cross-suite":[151],"microarchitectural":[152],"metrics.":[153],"a":[157],"complementary":[158],"suite:":[160],"moves":[162],"closer":[163],"datacenter-like":[165],"frontend":[166],"than":[168,177,182],"generations,":[172],"while":[173],"remaining":[174],"less":[175,180],"vector-intensive":[176],"frontend-extreme":[181],"DCPerf.":[183],"Finally,":[184],"case":[185],"studies":[186,210],"on":[187],"page":[188],"sizes":[189],"allocators,":[191],"prefetching,":[192],"compiler":[193],"optimizations,":[194],"ISA":[195],"sensitivity,":[196],"many-core":[197],"scaling,":[198],"rolling":[200],"round-robin":[201],"proxy":[202],"show":[204],"supports":[208],"beyond":[211],"aggregate":[212],"scores.":[213],"Overall,":[214],"updates":[217],"standardized":[219],"baseline":[222],"next":[225],"decade":[226],"architecture":[228],"evaluation.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-11T05:44:25.926202","created_date":"2026-05-07T00:00:00"}
