{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7160439121","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.03687","title":"Sorry for the late reply: Response times and reciprocity in WhatsApp and Instagram chats","display_name":"Sorry for the late reply: Response times and reciprocity in WhatsApp and Instagram chats","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7160439121","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.03687"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.03687","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.03687","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.03687","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135476180","display_name":"Florian Martin","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin, Florian","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000610910","display_name":"Olya Hakobyan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3828-0533"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hakobyan, Olya","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052236115","display_name":"Hanna Drimalla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3783-7237"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Drimalla, Hanna","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10355","display_name":"Impact of Technology on Adolescents","score":0.32179999351501465,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10355","display_name":"Impact of Technology on Adolescents","score":0.32179999351501465,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12607","display_name":"Personal Information Management and User Behavior","score":0.09059999883174896,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10970","display_name":"Team Dynamics and Performance","score":0.07559999823570251,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/closeness","display_name":"Closeness","score":0.8727999925613403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reciprocity","display_name":"Reciprocity (cultural anthropology)","score":0.7063000202178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/instant-messaging","display_name":"Instant messaging","score":0.5148000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/balance","display_name":"Balance (ability)","score":0.4844000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/balance-theory","display_name":"Balance theory","score":0.47440001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-mediated-communication","display_name":"Computer-mediated communication","score":0.44339999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-distance","display_name":"Social distance","score":0.41909998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-chat","display_name":"Online chat","score":0.41359999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpersonal-communication","display_name":"Interpersonal communication","score":0.3625999987125397}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779545769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5135364","display_name":"Closeness","level":2,"score":0.8727999925613403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169903001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3264987","display_name":"Reciprocity (cultural anthropology)","level":2,"score":0.7063000202178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.5562999844551086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5307000279426575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985487447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58199","display_name":"Instant messaging","level":2,"score":0.5148000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168031717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1530280","display_name":"Balance (ability)","level":2,"score":0.4844000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10927478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q445546","display_name":"Balance theory","level":2,"score":0.47440001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109778625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q796573","display_name":"Computer-mediated communication","level":3,"score":0.44339999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172656115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2142613","display_name":"Social distance","level":5,"score":0.41909998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776849261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287198","display_name":"Online chat","level":3,"score":0.41359999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164850336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3685487","display_name":"Interpersonal communication","level":2,"score":0.3625999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.35499998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.35179999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10470442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2107249","display_name":"Norm of reciprocity","level":3,"score":0.3499999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.32989999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777526511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q691543","display_name":"Pace","level":2,"score":0.31790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112698675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37038","display_name":"Advertising","level":1,"score":0.31130000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.30820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777716012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5318389","display_name":"Dyad","level":2,"score":0.3012999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130064352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853725","display_name":"Social relation","level":2,"score":0.2913999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.28949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.28859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776809875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1375963","display_name":"Converse","level":2,"score":0.2858999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174348530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188635","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","level":2,"score":0.28279998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120397944","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3043314","display_name":"Forbearance","level":2,"score":0.2612999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.25940001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91034043","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223642","display_name":"Interpersonal relationship","level":2,"score":0.25029999017715454}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.03687","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.03687","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.03687","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.03687","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.630747377872467}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Chat":[0],"communication":[1,91],"is":[2,16,72],"often":[3],"fast-paced,":[4],"creating":[5],"the":[6,12,73,117,124,140,153,174,179,232,239],"expectation":[7],"of":[8,14,48,83,89,96,104,108,120,144,168,181,203,218,234,243],"quick":[9],"replies.":[10],"While":[11],"timing":[13],"exchanges":[15],"known":[17],"to":[18,76,173,212],"foster":[19],"closeness":[20],"and":[21,51,63,106,151,160],"enjoyment,":[22],"it":[23],"remains":[24],"largely":[25],"unexplored":[26],"whether":[27],"chat":[28,61,128,145],"partners":[29,129,146],"with":[30,92,148],"strong":[31],"ties":[32],"reciprocate":[33],"each":[34],"other's":[35],"response":[36,56,78,125,133,182,197,224],"times.":[37],"Using":[38],"3.4":[39],"million":[40],"messages":[41,110],"from":[42],"889":[43],"chats":[44],"across":[45],"97":[46],"donations":[47],"anonymous":[49],"WhatsApp":[50,105,159],"Instagram":[52,109],"chats,":[53],"we":[54],"analyzed":[55],"times,":[57],"their":[58],"balance":[59,190,199,226],"between":[60,127],"partners,":[62],"its":[64],"stability":[65],"over":[66,185,192],"time.":[67,193],"To":[68],"our":[69],"knowledge,":[70],"this":[71,189,215],"first":[74],"study":[75,214],"examine":[77],"speed":[79,126,134,225],"as":[80,200,227,238],"an":[81],"expression":[82],"reciprocity,":[84],"bridging":[85],"a":[86,93,201,209,228],"key":[87],"aspect":[88],"online":[90],"fundamental":[94,216],"principle":[95,217],"social":[97,219,244],"interactions.":[98],"We":[99,221],"found":[100],"that":[101,188],"around":[102],"70%":[103],"44%":[107],"were":[111],"answered":[112],"within":[113,170],"five":[114,171],"minutes,":[115],"confirming":[116],"fast":[118],"pace":[119],"instant":[121],"messaging.":[122],"Overall,":[123],"was":[130,136],"similar.":[131],"The":[132],"similarity":[135,184],"evident":[137],"both":[138],"in":[139,152,205,231],"overall":[141],"response-time":[142],"distributions":[143],"assessed":[147],"Jensen-Shannon":[149],"distance":[150],"steep":[154],"regression":[155],"slopes":[156],"(0.786":[157],"for":[158,162],"0.796":[161],"Instagram)":[163],"linking":[164],"one":[165],"person's":[166],"probability":[167],"responding":[169],"minutes":[172],"partner's":[175],"corresponding":[176],"probability.":[177],"Importantly,":[178],"dispersion":[180],"time":[183,198],"months":[186],"showed":[187],"persists":[191],"Our":[194],"results":[195],"position":[196],"marker":[202],"reciprocity":[204],"computer-mediated":[206],"communication,":[207],"offering":[208],"new":[210],"way":[211],"quantitatively":[213],"interaction.":[220],"suggest":[222],"using":[223],"complementary":[229],"metric":[230],"analysis":[233],"relationship":[235],"dynamics,":[236],"such":[237],"strengthening":[240],"or":[241],"weakening":[242],"ties.":[245]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2026-05-07T00:00:00"}