{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7160385374","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.03670","title":"Geographic Variation in Stack Overflow Code Quality: Evidence from a Cross-Regional Study of Coding Practices","display_name":"Geographic Variation in Stack Overflow Code Quality: Evidence from a Cross-Regional Study of Coding Practices","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7160385374","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.03670"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.03670","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.03670","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.03670","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059887215","display_name":"Elijah Zolduoarrati","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6975-2890"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zolduoarrati, Elijah","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134153191","display_name":"Sherlock A. Licorish","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Licorish, Sherlock A.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075963364","display_name":"Nigel Stanger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3450-7443"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stanger, Nigel","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.8325999975204468,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.8325999975204468,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12479","display_name":"Web Application Security Vulnerabilities","score":0.016599999740719795,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13274","display_name":"Expert finding and Q&A systems","score":0.015599999576807022,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/readability","display_name":"Readability","score":0.6518999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","score":0.6168000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-reuse","display_name":"Code reuse","score":0.5839999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.5763000249862671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.5335999727249146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.5307000279426575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/java","display_name":"Java","score":0.5252000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secure-coding","display_name":"Secure coding","score":0.4880000054836273}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7391999959945679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778143727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820650","display_name":"Readability","level":2,"score":0.6518999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.6168000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778583558","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q771245","display_name":"Code reuse","level":3,"score":0.5839999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5763000249862671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5335999727249146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.5307000279426575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548217200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251","display_name":"Java","level":2,"score":0.5252000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22680326","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7444867","display_name":"Secure coding","level":5,"score":0.4880000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206588197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846574","display_name":"Reuse","level":2,"score":0.47130000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.4348999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117447612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412670","display_name":"Software quality","level":4,"score":0.4185999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.4016999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.3319999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.326200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150292731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1342704","display_name":"Code review","level":5,"score":0.32170000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.30630001425743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97686452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7604153","display_name":"Static analysis","level":2,"score":0.3019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2962999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.274399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.26190000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.2572999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137287247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1329550","display_name":"Static program analysis","level":4,"score":0.2549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.25119999051094055}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.03670","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.03670","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.03670","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.03670","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Developers":[0],"frequently":[1],"reuse":[2],"Stack":[3,29],"Overflow":[4,30],"code":[5,26,84,97,110,188,219,235],"snippets,":[6],"yet":[7],"the":[8,36,119,215],"quality":[9,27,51,85,111,189,220],"of":[10,218],"these":[11],"snippets":[12,98,159],"remains":[13],"unevenly":[14],"understood,":[15],"particularly":[16],"across":[17,68,122],"programming":[18],"languages":[19],"and":[20,45,56,61,70,80,86,102,129,145,179,225],"geographic":[21],"contexts.":[22],"This":[23],"study":[24],"investigates":[25],"in":[28,35,109,221],"answers":[31],"from":[32,99],"contributors":[33],"located":[34],"United":[37],"States,":[38],"focusing":[39],"on":[40,96],"SQL,":[41],"JavaScript,":[42],"Python,":[43],"Ruby,":[44],"Java":[46],"snippets.":[47,236],"We":[48,90],"evaluate":[49],"four":[50],"dimensions:":[52],"reliability,":[53,127],"readability,":[54],"performance,":[55,128],"security.":[57,130],"Using":[58],"language-specific":[59],"linting":[60],"static":[62],"analysis":[63,95,150],"tools,":[64],"we":[65],"quantify":[66],"violations":[67,117],"states":[69],"cities,":[71],"compute":[72],"violation":[73,166],"densities":[74],"to":[75,105,172,185],"enable":[76],"fair":[77],"regional":[78],"comparison,":[79],"examine":[81],"relationships":[82],"between":[83],"state-level":[87],"diversity":[88],"indicators.":[89],"further":[91],"conduct":[92],"inductive":[93],"content":[94],"California,":[100],"Utah,":[101],"North":[103],"Dakota":[104],"identify":[106],"qualitative":[107],"patterns":[108],"violations.":[112,190],"Results":[113],"show":[114,186],"that":[115,152,194,227],"readability":[116],"are":[118],"most":[120],"prevalent":[121],"all":[123],"languages,":[124],"followed":[125],"by":[126],"Common":[131],"issues":[132],"include":[133],"improper":[134],"whitespace,":[135],"inconsistent":[136],"formatting,":[137],"program-flow":[138],"errors,":[139],"inefficient":[140],"resource":[141],"use,":[142],"unsanitised":[143],"inputs,":[144],"insecure":[146],"dynamic":[147],"evaluation.":[148],"Regional":[149],"indicates":[151],"major":[153],"technology":[154,196,206],"hubs":[155],"produce":[156,199],"more":[157,180,200,209],"parsable":[158],"but":[160],"do":[161],"not":[162],"necessarily":[163],"exhibit":[164],"higher":[165,177],"densities.":[167],"States":[168],"with":[169],"broader":[170],"access":[171],"computing":[173],"devices,":[174],"Internet":[175],"subscriptions,":[176],"income,":[178],"equitable":[181],"wealth":[182],"distribution":[183],"tend":[184],"fewer":[187],"Qualitative":[191],"findings":[192,213],"suggest":[193,226],"established":[195],"regions":[197,207],"often":[198],"complex":[201],"violations,":[202],"while":[203],"less":[204],"mature":[205],"display":[208],"fundamental":[210],"errors.":[211],"These":[212],"highlight":[214],"socio-technical":[216],"nature":[217],"community":[222],"question-answering":[223],"platforms":[224],"developers":[228],"should":[229],"exercise":[230],"caution":[231],"when":[232],"reusing":[233],"online":[234]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-05-07T00:00:00"}
