{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7160407506","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.03268","title":"Partially Observed Structural Causal Models","display_name":"Partially Observed Structural Causal Models","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7160407506","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.03268"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.mpg.de:item_3708760","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/21.11116/0000-0013-0BD8-C","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400654","display_name":"MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I149899117","host_organization_name":"Max Planck Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.03268","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120440724","display_name":"Turan Orujlu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Orujlu, Turan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015037960","display_name":"Jordan Matelsky","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9470-760X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matelsky, Jordan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075919503","display_name":"Martin V. Butz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8120-8537"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Butz, Martin V.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135497198","display_name":"Charley M. Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wu, Charley M.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135513834","display_name":"Konrad P. Kording","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kording, Konrad P.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11303","display_name":"Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference","score":0.4203999936580658,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11303","display_name":"Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference","score":0.4203999936580658,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10656","display_name":"Child and Animal Learning Development","score":0.2337000072002411,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10241","display_name":"Functional Brain Connectivity Studies","score":0.13089999556541443,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identifiability","display_name":"Identifiability","score":0.8974000215530396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latent-variable","display_name":"Latent variable","score":0.609499990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5759000182151794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.5302000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causality","display_name":"Causality (physics)","score":0.44029998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-model","display_name":"Causal model","score":0.4372999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-inference","display_name":"Causal inference","score":0.4092000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/endogeneity","display_name":"Endogeneity","score":0.40540000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hierarchy","display_name":"Hierarchy","score":0.38519999384880066}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122770356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1656753","display_name":"Identifiability","level":2,"score":0.8974000215530396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51167844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4422623","display_name":"Latent variable","level":2,"score":0.609499990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5759000182151794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5302000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64357122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149766","display_name":"Causality (physics)","level":2,"score":0.44029998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11671645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054567","display_name":"Causal model","level":2,"score":0.4372999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158600405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054566","display_name":"Causal inference","level":2,"score":0.4092000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.40639999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C610760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1340706","display_name":"Endogeneity","level":2,"score":0.40540000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31170391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188619","display_name":"Hierarchy","level":2,"score":0.38519999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.3741999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163504300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2364925","display_name":"Causal structure","level":2,"score":0.3617999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.3278000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.31700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779478453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6889748","display_name":"Modularity (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3102000057697296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202887219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3895221","display_name":"Parametrization (atmospheric modeling)","level":3,"score":0.3077000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780665704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959298","display_name":"Intervention (counseling)","level":2,"score":0.30480000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.29989999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77350462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1125472","display_name":"Confounding","level":2,"score":0.287200003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183322885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17007702","display_name":"Context model","level":3,"score":0.28679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199163554","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1681619","display_name":"Univariate","level":3,"score":0.2831999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79379906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3174497","display_name":"Dynamical systems theory","level":2,"score":0.2736000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.26589998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.25949999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70727504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1806878","display_name":"Latent class model","level":2,"score":0.2587999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2522999942302704}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.mpg.de:item_3708760","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/21.11116/0000-0013-0BD8-C","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400654","display_name":"MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I149899117","host_organization_name":"Max Planck Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.03268","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.03268","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.03268","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.03268","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Here":[0],"we":[1,62],"introduce":[2],"Partially":[3],"Observed":[4],"Structural":[5],"Causal":[6],"Models":[7],"(POSCMs)":[8],"as":[9],"an":[10,46,88,157],"extension":[11],"of":[12,82],"structural":[13],"causal":[14,38,161],"models":[15],"(SCMs)":[16],"to":[17,98],"settings":[18],"where":[19],"upstream":[20],"contexts":[21,53],"co-determine":[22],"both":[23],"the":[24,76,80,83],"interaction":[25],"structure":[26,100],"and":[27,51,54,121,138,169,174],"downstream":[28],"mechanisms":[29,65],"on":[30],"observed":[31],"variables.":[32],"POSCMs":[33,155],"thus":[34],"provide":[35,87,156],"a":[36,115,122],"self-contained":[37],"modeling":[39],"framework":[40,159],"for":[41,45,160],"endogenous":[42,55],"graphs,":[43],"allowing":[44],"intervention":[47,94],"hierarchy":[48],"spanning":[49],"node-":[50],"edge-level":[52],"variable":[56],"interventions.":[57],"To":[58],"define":[59],"edge":[60],"interventions,":[61,145],"separate":[63],"node":[64,78],"into":[66],"edge-local":[67],"transmission":[68],"channels":[69],"that":[70,91],"can":[71],"be":[72],"modified":[73],"without":[74],"changing":[75],"source":[77],"or":[79],"rest":[81],"target":[84],"mechanism.":[85],"We":[86,104],"identifiability":[89,152],"theory":[90],"clarifies":[92],"which":[93,164],"families":[95],"would":[96],"suffice":[97],"disentangle":[99],"formation":[101],"from":[102],"mechanisms.":[103],"then":[105],"empirically":[106],"validate":[107],"these":[108],"theoretical":[109],"results":[110],"in":[111,163],"two":[112],"external":[113],"simulators:":[114],"biophysically":[116],"detailed":[117],"virtual":[118],"human":[119],"retina":[120],"gene-regulatory":[123],"analogue.":[124],"The":[125],"experiments":[126],"reproduce":[127],"non-identifiability":[128],"under":[129,135,143],"latent":[130,136],"context,":[131],"expose":[132],"structure-mechanism":[133],"confounding":[134],"edges,":[137],"recover":[139],"pathway-level":[140],"input-output":[141],"relationships":[142],"targeted":[144],"consistent":[146],"with":[147],"our":[148],"positive":[149],"Markov":[150],"kernel":[151],"results.":[153],"Together,":[154],"intervention-oriented":[158],"systems":[162],"contexts,":[165],"graph":[166],"structure,":[167],"mechanisms,":[168],"measurements":[170],"are":[171],"jointly":[172],"generated":[173],"only":[175],"partially":[176],"observed.":[177]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2026-05-07T00:00:00"}
