{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7160428498","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.02958","title":"Tracing the Dynamics of Refusal: Exploiting Latent Refusal Trajectories for Robust Jailbreak Detection","display_name":"Tracing the Dynamics of Refusal: Exploiting Latent Refusal Trajectories for Robust Jailbreak Detection","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7160428498","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.02958"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.02958","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.02958","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.02958","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135522497","display_name":"Xulin Hu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hu, Xulin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135469265","display_name":"Che Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Che","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027969322","display_name":"Wei Yang Bryan Lim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2150-5561"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lim, Wei Yang Bryan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135446649","display_name":"Jianbo Gao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gao, Jianbo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135494282","display_name":"Zhong Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen, Zhong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9300000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9300000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.011599999852478504,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.009999999776482582,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5936999917030334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.5404000282287598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracing","display_name":"Tracing","score":0.5371999740600586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signature","display_name":"Signature (topology)","score":0.5218999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terminal","display_name":"Terminal (telecommunication)","score":0.44279998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.4417000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.43970000743865967}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.684499979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5936999917030334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.5404000282287598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138673069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322229","display_name":"Tracing","level":2,"score":0.5371999740600586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779696439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512811","display_name":"Signature (topology)","level":2,"score":0.5218999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.47760000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779664074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3518405","display_name":"Terminal (telecommunication)","level":2,"score":0.44279998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.4417000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.43970000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145912823","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q113558","display_name":"Dynamics (music)","level":2,"score":0.41850000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.35839998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.2937000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.2800999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.27250000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.25999999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.25440001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.25220000743865967}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.02958","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.02958","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.02958","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.02958","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.699406623840332,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Representation":[0],"Engineering":[1],"analyses":[2],"often":[3,42],"characterize":[4],"refusal":[5,22,52],"using":[6],"static":[7,103],"directions":[8],"extracted":[9],"from":[10,75],"terminal":[11,51],"or":[12],"pooled":[13],"representations.":[14],"We":[15,100],"ask":[16],"whether":[17],"this":[18,56],"view":[19],"misses":[20],"how":[21],"is":[23],"constructed":[24],"across":[25],"layer-token":[26],"positions.":[27],"Using":[28],"causal":[29],"tracing,":[30],"we":[31,58],"identify":[32],"a":[33,36,65,76,95],"\\textit{Refusal":[34],"Trajectory}:":[35],"sparse":[37],"upstream":[38],"activation":[39],"pattern":[40],"that":[41,69],"persists":[43],"even":[44],"when":[45],"attacks":[46],"such":[47],"as":[48],"GCG":[49,109],"suppress":[50],"signals.":[53],"Based":[54],"on":[55,71,90],"observation,":[57],"propose":[59],"SALO":[60,86],"(Sparse":[61],"Activation":[62],"Localization":[63],"Operator),":[64],"lightweight":[66],"white-box":[67],"detector":[68],"operates":[70],"raw":[72],"hidden-state":[73],"volumes":[74],"selected":[77],"layer":[78],"window.":[79],"Across":[80],"Qwen,":[81],"Llama,":[82],"and":[83,111,119],"Mistral":[84],"models,":[85],"improves":[87],"jailbreak":[88],"detection":[89],"several":[91],"attack":[92],"families":[93],"under":[94],"fixed":[96],"XSTest-calibrated":[97],"operating":[98],"point.":[99],"further":[101],"analyze":[102],"RepE-style":[104],"baselines,":[105],"ROI":[106],"sensitivity,":[107],"adaptive":[108],"attacks,":[110],"encoded-input":[112],"boundary":[113],"cases,":[114],"clarifying":[115],"both":[116],"the":[117],"promise":[118],"limitations":[120],"of":[121],"refusal-trajectory":[122],"monitoring.":[123]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2026-05-07T00:00:00"}
