{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7160288136","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.02624","title":"Synthetic Users, Real Differences: an Evaluation Framework for User Simulation in Multi-Turn Conversations","display_name":"Synthetic Users, Real Differences: an Evaluation Framework for User Simulation in Multi-Turn Conversations","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7160288136","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.02624"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.02624","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.02624","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.02624","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077013740","display_name":"Yu Lu Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu, Yu Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061527181","display_name":"Hyokun Yun","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yun, Hyokun","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038162360","display_name":"Tanya Roosta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1235-3006"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roosta, Tanya","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135409877","display_name":"Ziang Xiao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiao, Ziang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.8342000246047974,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.8342000246047974,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.04500000178813934,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.037700001150369644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chatbot","display_name":"Chatbot","score":0.7605999708175659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/realism","display_name":"Realism","score":0.5791000127792358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cover","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","score":0.5681999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.4903999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/user-experience-design","display_name":"User experience design","score":0.40119999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/user-modeling","display_name":"User modeling","score":0.3797000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/user-engagement","display_name":"User engagement","score":0.33410000801086426}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7666000127792358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779041454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870780","display_name":"Chatbot","level":2,"score":0.7605999708175659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.586899995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C543847140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2642826","display_name":"Realism","level":2,"score":0.5791000127792358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780428219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16952335","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.5681999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4903999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201025465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11248500","display_name":"User experience design","level":2,"score":0.40119999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67712803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7901853","display_name":"User modeling","level":3,"score":0.3797000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3456000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984870255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5196451","display_name":"User engagement","level":2,"score":0.33410000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89505385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47146","display_name":"User interface","level":2,"score":0.3188000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.2953000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778002699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q876057","display_name":"Multi-user","level":2,"score":0.295199990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017568202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2899888","display_name":"User needs","level":2,"score":0.2881999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.2815999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.2702000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776187449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1513879","display_name":"Natural language generation","level":3,"score":0.26910001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.2653000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.25029999017715454}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.02624","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.02624","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.02624","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.02624","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"There":[0],"is":[1,26],"growing":[2],"interest":[3],"in":[4,73,173],"exploring":[5],"user":[6,108,115,185],"simulation":[7,53],"as":[8],"an":[9,79],"alternative":[10],"to":[11,28,38,85,101,147,157],"gathering":[12],"and":[13,59,110],"scoring":[14],"real":[15,43,91,130,154],"user-chatbot":[16,131],"interactions":[17],"for":[18,183],"AI":[19],"chatbot":[20,138],"evaluation.":[21],"For":[22],"this":[23,74],"purpose,":[24],"it":[25],"important":[27],"ensure":[29],"the":[30,33,36,63,102,106,111,120],"realism":[31,54],"of":[32,65,90,105,114,126,137],"simulation,":[34],"i.e.,":[35],"extent":[37],"which":[39,159,178],"simulated":[40,93,144],"dialogues":[41,44,94,132],"reflect":[42],"users":[45,145,155],"have":[46],"with":[47,122],"chatbots.":[48],"Most":[49],"existing":[50],"methods":[51],"evaluating":[52],"produce":[55],"coarse":[56],"quality":[57],"signal":[58],"remain":[60],"solely":[61],"at":[62,149],"level":[64],"individual":[66],"dialogues.":[67],"To":[68],"support":[69],"more":[70],"rigorous":[71],"evaluation":[72,80],"area,":[75],"we":[76,141],"propose":[77],"realsim,":[78],"framework":[81,121],"that":[82,133,143,153],"enables":[83],"practitioners":[84],"take":[86],"a":[87,123,181],"distributional":[88],"view":[89],"vs.":[92],"along":[95],"8":[96],"dimensions,":[97],"covering":[98],"attributes":[99],"related":[100],"communicative":[103],"functions":[104],"interaction,":[107],"states,":[109],"surface":[112],"form":[113],"messages.":[116],"We":[117,169],"then":[118],"instantiate":[119],"curated":[124],"dataset":[125],"1K":[127],"multi-turn":[128],"task-focused":[129],"cover":[134],"16":[135],"domains":[136],"applications.":[139],"Overall,":[140],"find":[142],"tend":[146],"struggle":[148],"capturing":[150],"communication":[151],"frictions":[152],"introduce":[156],"interactions,":[158],"could":[160],"make":[161],"evaluations":[162],"based":[163],"on":[164],"such":[165],"simulations":[166],"overly":[167],"optimistic.":[168],"also":[170],"observe":[171],"variability":[172],"performance":[174],"across":[175],"different":[176],"domains,":[177],"may":[179],"indicate":[180],"need":[182],"domain-specific":[184],"simulators.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-05-06T00:00:00"}