{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7160256185","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.01616","title":"Learning Behavioral Signals from Encrypted Smartphone Network Traffic","display_name":"Learning Behavioral Signals from Encrypted Smartphone Network Traffic","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7160256185","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.01616"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.01616","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.01616","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.01616","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119734245","display_name":"Rameen Mahmood","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahmood, Rameen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114424761","display_name":"Omar El Shahawy","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shahawy, Omar El","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135315088","display_name":"Souptik Barua","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Barua, Souptik","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135390923","display_name":"Zachary Beattie","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Beattie, Zachary","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135334134","display_name":"Jeffrey Kaye","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaye, Jeffrey","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135391877","display_name":"Xuhai \"Orson'' Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xu, Xuhai \"Orson''","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042935400","display_name":"Danny Yuxing Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1794-6105"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wu, Chao-Yi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Huang, Danny Yuxing","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huang, Danny Yuxing","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.3465000092983246,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.3465000092983246,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.20509999990463257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11896","display_name":"Opportunistic and Delay-Tolerant Networks","score":0.08479999750852585,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/behavioral-modeling","display_name":"Behavioral modeling","score":0.6410999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/behavioral-pattern","display_name":"Behavioral pattern","score":0.5156000256538391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.4966000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoencoder","display_name":"Autoencoder","score":0.3919000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.38909998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/loneliness","display_name":"Loneliness","score":0.3853999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/behavioral-analysis","display_name":"Behavioral analysis","score":0.32350000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","score":0.32199999690055847}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78639753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3318160","display_name":"Behavioral modeling","level":2,"score":0.6410999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5892999768257141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83804111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1063558","display_name":"Behavioral pattern","level":2,"score":0.5156000256538391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.4966000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4041000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101738243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786435","display_name":"Autoencoder","level":3,"score":0.3919000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.38909998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779998236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223270","display_name":"Loneliness","level":2,"score":0.3853999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.32919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989277270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168338","display_name":"Behavioral analysis","level":2,"score":0.32350000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.32199999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123757187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9195957","display_name":"Network dynamics","level":2,"score":0.29510000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5570062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3919817","display_name":"Behavioural sciences","level":2,"score":0.2948000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.2912999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.2802000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.2727000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.26829999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.26089999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780226545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888030","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","level":2,"score":0.25850000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779119184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q294350","display_name":"ALARM","level":2,"score":0.25699999928474426}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.01616","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.01616","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.01616","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.01616","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.6415742039680481}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Human":[0],"behavior":[1],"is":[2,144,152],"challenging":[3],"to":[4,42,91,106,156,214],"measure":[5],"continuously":[6],"at":[7],"scale,":[8],"yet":[9],"traces":[10],"of":[11,67,121,165,183,208,219],"daily":[12],"routines":[13],"and":[14,46,53,75,110,159,202],"well-being":[15],"may":[16],"be":[17],"reflected":[18],"in":[19],"interactions":[20],"with":[21,61,97,116,147],"personal":[22,73],"devices.":[23],"We":[24,101],"investigate":[25],"whether":[26],"encrypted":[27,195],"smartphone":[28],"network":[29,68,196],"traffic":[30,197],"can":[31,203],"serve":[32],"as":[33],"a":[34,58,163],"passive":[35],"sensing":[36],"signal":[37],"for":[38,72,186],"behavioral":[39,94,170,188,200,209],"states":[40],"related":[41],"sleep":[43,107,160],"disturbance,":[44,108],"stress,":[45,109],"loneliness.":[47],"To":[48,79],"capture":[49],"both":[50],"population-level":[51],"patterns":[52],"individual-specific":[54],"behavior,":[55],"we":[56,82],"employ":[57],"transformer-based":[59],"model":[60],"user-specific":[62],"adapters":[63],"that":[64,133,194],"learns":[65],"representations":[66,86,185],"activity":[69,99],"while":[70],"accounting":[71],"baselines":[74],"deviations":[76],"from":[77,125],"them.":[78],"improve":[80],"interpretability,":[81],"further":[83],"analyze":[84],"these":[85,168],"using":[87,112],"sparse":[88],"representation":[89],"learning":[90],"identify":[92],"latent":[93],"features":[95,105],"associated":[96,146],"distinct":[98],"patterns.":[100],"relate":[102],"the":[103,134,181],"resulting":[104],"loneliness":[111,151],"generalized":[113],"estimating":[114],"equations":[115],"Mundlak":[117],"decomposition,":[118],"enabling":[119],"separation":[120],"stable":[122],"between-person":[123,149],"differences":[124],"within-person":[126,157,169],"changes":[127,212],"over":[128],"time.":[129],"Our":[130],"analysis":[131],"reveals":[132],"three":[135],"outcomes":[136],"are":[137,172],"characterized":[138],"by":[139,175],"different":[140],"temporal":[141],"dynamics:":[142],"stress":[143],"predominantly":[145],"persistent":[148],"variation,":[150],"more":[153],"strongly":[154],"linked":[155],"fluctuations,":[158],"disturbance":[161],"reflects":[162],"combination":[164],"both.":[166],"Importantly,":[167],"signals":[171],"not":[173],"recovered":[174],"conventional":[176],"handcrafted":[177],"network-traffic":[178],"features,":[179],"highlighting":[180],"advantages":[182],"learned":[184],"longitudinal":[187],"modeling.":[189],"Overall,":[190],"our":[191],"findings":[192],"demonstrate":[193],"contains":[198],"interpretable":[199],"information":[201],"support":[204],"passive,":[205],"scalable":[206],"monitoring":[207],"dynamics,":[210],"particularly":[211],"relative":[213],"an":[215],"individual's":[216],"typical":[217],"pattern":[218],"activity.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-05-06T00:00:00"}