{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7160296255","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.00970","title":"Split and Aggregation Learning for Foundation Models Over Mobile Embodied AI Network (MEAN): A Comprehensive Survey","display_name":"Split and Aggregation Learning for Foundation Models Over Mobile Embodied AI Network (MEAN): A Comprehensive Survey","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7160296255","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.00970"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.00970","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.00970","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.00970","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135377809","display_name":"Qianzhou Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen, Qianzhou","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135334969","display_name":"Siqi Sun","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sun, Siqi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135365150","display_name":"Minrui Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xu, Minrui","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135367583","display_name":"Sijie Ji","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ji, Sijie","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135408547","display_name":"Jiawen Kang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kang, Jiawen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135370334","display_name":"Yijie Mao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mao, Yijie","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135398162","display_name":"Zhouxiang Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhao, Zhouxiang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135288539","display_name":"Zhaohui Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang, Zhaohui","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135283475","display_name":"Dusit Niyato","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Niyato, Dusit","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.6254000067710876,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.6254000067710876,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.15189999341964722,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.02239999920129776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","score":0.4781999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.47119998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-learning","display_name":"Distributed learning","score":0.459199994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.43459999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-aggregator","display_name":"Data aggregator","score":0.40549999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.39730000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/models-of-communication","display_name":"Models of communication","score":0.39649999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/big-data","display_name":"Big data","score":0.39410001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foundation","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","score":0.392300009727478}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7303000092506409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.4781999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.47119998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779582901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21013010","display_name":"Distributed learning","level":2,"score":0.459199994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45680001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.43459999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82578977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16773055","display_name":"Data aggregator","level":3,"score":0.40549999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.39730000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158156997","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1416645","display_name":"Models of communication","level":2,"score":0.39649999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.39410001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780966255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5474306","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","level":2,"score":0.392300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.38350000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.382099986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.3668000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95491727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q992968","display_name":"Mobile telephony","level":3,"score":0.359499990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775941552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25212305","display_name":"Isolation (microbiology)","level":2,"score":0.3555999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192126672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068715","display_name":"Telecommunications network","level":2,"score":0.35440000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3215999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.3111000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3037000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.29760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51675839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1665681","display_name":"Intelligent Network","level":2,"score":0.28780001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56397880","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6044094","display_name":"Intelligent decision support system","level":2,"score":0.28519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38601921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1757693","display_name":"Protocol stack","level":3,"score":0.2851000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47487241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227230","display_name":"Data access","level":2,"score":0.27950000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.27810001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C510870077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7444868","display_name":"Secure communication","level":3,"score":0.2752000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780609101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156588","display_name":"Resource management (computing)","level":2,"score":0.26570001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992525071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50818671","display_name":"Federated learning","level":2,"score":0.2651999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66882249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169336","display_name":"Homogeneous","level":2,"score":0.25940001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101765175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577764","display_name":"Communications system","level":2,"score":0.25929999351501465}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.00970","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.00970","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.00970","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.00970","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"rapid":[1],"advancements":[2],"in":[3,26,44,135,161,171,204,210],"foundation":[4,24,164],"models":[5,25,67],"and":[6,18,31,55,90,122,133,144,158,186,195,219],"sixth-generation":[7],"(6G)":[8],"wireless":[9,173],"communication":[10,51,123,137,149,208],"systems":[11,209],"necessitate":[12],"the":[13,191,211],"development":[14],"of":[15,131,193],"efficient,":[16],"scalable,":[17],"privacy-preserving":[19],"machine":[20],"learning":[21,29,33,66],"approaches.":[22],"For":[23],"6G,":[27],"split":[28],"(SL)":[30],"aggregation":[32,156],"(AL)":[34],"have":[35],"emerged":[36],"as":[37,50],"promising":[38],"paradigms":[39],"that":[40],"address":[41],"key":[42],"challenges":[43],"distributed":[45,163,206],"artificial":[46],"intelligence":[47],"(AI),":[48],"such":[49],"efficiency,":[52,216],"resource":[53,88],"allocation,":[54],"data":[56,92,103,113],"privacy.":[57],"SL":[58,96,132,154,194],"enables":[59],"multiple":[60,83],"entities":[61],"to":[62,119],"collaboratively":[63],"train":[64],"deep":[65],"by":[68],"partitioning":[69],"neural":[70],"networks,":[71,174],"while":[72],"AL":[73,109,134],"focuses":[74],"on":[75,215],"aggregating":[76],"intermediate":[77],"results":[78],"or":[79],"model":[80],"updates":[81],"from":[82],"participants,":[84],"improving":[85],"robustness,":[86],"optimizing":[87,162],"utilization,":[89],"mitigating":[91],"leakage":[93],"risks.":[94],"Specifically,":[95],"is":[97],"ideal":[98],"for":[99],"scenarios":[100],"requiring":[101],"strict":[102],"isolation":[104],"(e.g.,":[105],"vertical":[106],"collaborations),":[107],"whereas":[108],"suits":[110],"homogeneous":[111],"horizontal":[112],"settings;":[114],"they":[115],"can":[116],"be":[117],"combined":[118],"balance":[120],"privacy":[121,217],"efficiency.":[124],"This":[125],"survey":[126,198],"provides":[127,199],"a":[128],"comprehensive":[129],"analysis":[130],"6G":[136,148,212],"systems,":[138],"exploring":[139],"their":[140,159,169,202],"architectures,":[141],"technical":[142],"methodologies,":[143],"integration":[145],"with":[146],"AI-native":[147],"technologies.":[150],"We":[151],"examine":[152],"different":[153],"configurations,":[155],"techniques,":[157],"roles":[160],"models.":[165],"Furthermore,":[166],"we":[167],"discuss":[168],"applications":[170],"emerging":[172],"including":[175],"semantic":[176],"communication,":[177],"reconfigurable":[178],"intelligent":[179],"surfaces":[180],"(RIS),":[181],"space-air-ground":[182],"integrated":[183],"networks":[184],"(SAGINs),":[185],"quantum":[187],"communication.":[188],"By":[189],"analyzing":[190],"impact":[192],"AL,":[196],"this":[197],"insights":[200],"into":[201],"role":[203],"shaping":[205],"AI-driven":[207],"era,":[213],"focusing":[214],"preservation,":[218],"scalability.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2026-05-06T00:00:00"}
