{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7160178254","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.00665","title":"Prediction of Alzheimer's Disease Risk Factors from Retinal Images via Deep Learning: Development and Validation of Biologically Relevant Morphological Associations in the UK Biobank","display_name":"Prediction of Alzheimer's Disease Risk Factors from Retinal Images via Deep Learning: Development and Validation of Biologically Relevant Morphological Associations in the UK Biobank","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7160178254","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.00665"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.00665","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.00665","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.00665","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035777210","display_name":"Seowung Leem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5201-0671"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leem, Seowung","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102789872","display_name":"Yunchao Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9396-9640"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang, Yunchao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015372468","display_name":"Adam J. Woods","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Woods, Adam J.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135258455","display_name":"Ruogu Fang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fang, Ruogu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.6704999804496765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.6704999804496765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10009","display_name":"Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research","score":0.12099999934434891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10170","display_name":"Retinal Diseases and Treatments","score":0.04039999842643738,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biobank","display_name":"Biobank","score":0.6668999791145325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retinal","display_name":"Retinal","score":0.657800018787384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fundus","display_name":"Fundus (uterus)","score":0.5404999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomarker","display_name":"Biomarker","score":0.4941999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorical-variable","display_name":"Categorical variable","score":0.43939998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease","display_name":"Disease","score":0.42289999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retinal-degeneration","display_name":"Retinal degeneration","score":0.3497999906539917}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116567970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864217","display_name":"Biobank","level":2,"score":0.6668999791145325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780827179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422001","display_name":"Retinal","level":2,"score":0.657800018787384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5519000291824341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776391266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9612","display_name":"Fundus (uterus)","level":2,"score":0.5404999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781197716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864574","display_name":"Biomarker","level":2,"score":0.4941999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5274069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2285707","display_name":"Categorical variable","level":2,"score":0.43939998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.42289999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781040256","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7316761","display_name":"Retinal degeneration","level":3,"score":0.3497999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776474195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1144413","display_name":"Fundus photography","level":4,"score":0.3441999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3398999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779093074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140528","display_name":"Drusen","level":3,"score":0.3391999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776403814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27429789","display_name":"Macular degeneration","level":2,"score":0.3375999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.3375000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60644358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570","display_name":"Bioinformatics","level":1,"score":0.31540000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50440223","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1475848","display_name":"Risk factor","level":2,"score":0.3001999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118487528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437","display_name":"Ophthalmology","level":1,"score":0.2969000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777093970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169342","display_name":"Retina","level":2,"score":0.28369998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.2703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780837183","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186029","display_name":"Optic nerve","level":2,"score":0.2700999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152198750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17165278","display_name":"Neurogenetics","level":3,"score":0.2671000063419342}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.00665","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.00665","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.00665","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.00665","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.7889110445976257}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,130],"systemic,":[1],"metabolic,":[2],"lifestyle":[3],"factors":[4,47,86,208],"have":[5],"established":[6],"associations":[7],"with":[8,185],"Alzheimer's":[9],"Disease":[10],"(AD)":[11],"through":[12],"epidemiologic":[13],"and":[14,50,101,119,125,143,155,179,197,209],"AD-specific":[15],"biomarker":[16],"studies.":[17],"Whether":[18],"colored":[19],"fundus":[20],"photography":[21],"(CFP)":[22],"contains":[23],"retinal":[24,54,128,180,204,215,226],"structural":[25,233],"signatures":[26,216],"corresponding":[27],"to":[28,51,65,83,88,127,218],"these":[29,57],"AD-related":[30,45],"risk":[31,46,207,220],"domains":[32],"remains":[33],"unclear.":[34],"To":[35],"determine":[36],"whether":[37,61],"deep":[38],"learning":[39,165],"(DL)":[40],"models":[41,80],"can":[42],"predict":[43,84],"12":[44,85],"from":[48,71,75,150],"CFP":[49,62,213],"characterize":[52],"the":[53,76,163,175,236],"structures":[55],"underlying":[56],"predictions,":[58],"thereby":[59],"assessing":[60],"reflects":[63],"pathways":[64],"AD":[66,89,196,219,238],"vulnerability.":[67,239],"Using":[68],"62,876":[69],"CFPs":[70],"44,501":[72],"unique":[73],"participants":[74],"UK":[77],"Biobank,":[78],"DL":[79,148],"were":[81,123,132],"trained":[82],"linked":[87,217],"incidence:":[90],"6":[91,102],"categorical":[92,154],"(sex,":[93],"smoking,":[94],"sleeplessness,":[95],"economic":[96],"status,":[97],"alcohol":[98],"use,":[99],"depression)":[100],"continuous":[103,158],"(age,":[104],"age":[105],"at":[106],"completing":[107],"education,":[108],"BMI,":[109],"systolic,":[110],"diastolic":[111],"blood":[112],"pressure,":[113],"HbA1c).":[114],"Model":[115],"performance,":[116],"model":[117],"saliency,":[118],"saliency-derived":[120],"scores":[121,131,191],"(CAM-Score)":[122],"evaluated":[124],"compared":[126,134],"morphometry.":[129],"also":[133,183],"between":[135,194,203],"incident-AD":[136],"cases":[137],"(average":[138],"8.55":[139],"years":[140],"before":[141],"onset)":[142],"matched":[144,198],"controls.":[145],"Performance":[146],"of":[147,162,206],"ranged":[149],"AUROC=":[151],"0.5654-0.9480":[152],"for":[153,157],"R2=-0.0291-0.7620":[156],"factors,":[159],"outperforming":[160],"most":[161],"morphometry-machine":[164],"models.":[166],"Saliency-based":[167],"score":[168],"consistently":[169],"highlighted":[170],"biologically":[171,230],"meaningful":[172,231],"regions,":[173],"particularly":[174],"optic":[176],"nerve":[177],"head":[178],"vasculature.":[181],"It":[182],"aligned":[184],"present":[186],"morphometric":[187],"variations.":[188],"Several":[189],"saliency-based":[190],"differed":[192],"significantly":[193],"incident":[195],"controls,":[199],"suggesting":[200],"potential":[201,237],"overlap":[202],"correlates":[205],"preclinical":[210],"AD-associated":[211],"changes.":[212],"encodes":[214],"factors.":[221],"Although":[222],"not":[223],"diagnostic,":[224],"DL-derived":[225],"representations":[227],"may":[228],"uncover":[229],"risk-related":[232],"changes":[234],"mirroring":[235]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-20T20:08:15.867695","created_date":"2026-05-05T00:00:00"}