{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7159585813","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.27977","title":"D3-Gym: Constructing Real-World Verifiable Environments for Data-Driven Discovery","display_name":"D3-Gym: Constructing Real-World Verifiable Environments for Data-Driven Discovery","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7159585813","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.27977"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.27977","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.27977","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.27977","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134992430","display_name":"Hanane Nour Moussa","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Moussa, Hanane Nour","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134936321","display_name":"Yifei Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Yifei","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134942623","display_name":"Zhuoyang Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Zhuoyang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134993633","display_name":"Yankai Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang, Yankai","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134968645","display_name":"Cheng Tang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tang, Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134929184","display_name":"Tianshu Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Tianshu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134969725","display_name":"Nesreen K. Ahmed","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed, Nesreen K.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134963512","display_name":"Ali Payani","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Payani, Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134945834","display_name":"Ziru Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen, Ziru","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134946928","display_name":"Huan Sun","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sun, Huan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5134992430"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11948","display_name":"Machine Learning in Materials Science","score":0.39629998803138733,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11948","display_name":"Machine Learning in Materials Science","score":0.39629998803138733,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11986","display_name":"Scientific Computing and Data Management","score":0.3012000024318695,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.033900000154972076,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/verifiable-secret-sharing","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","score":0.9358000159263611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/executable","display_name":"Executable","score":0.7397000193595886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scripting-language","display_name":"Scripting language","score":0.6534000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artifact","display_name":"Artifact (error)","score":0.6376000046730042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.49880000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.39500001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boosting","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","score":0.39309999346733093}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85847156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59015987","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","level":3,"score":0.9358000159263611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7821999788284302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160145156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778586","display_name":"Executable","level":2,"score":0.7397000193595886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61423126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187432","display_name":"Scripting language","level":2,"score":0.6534000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779010991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2720909","display_name":"Artifact (error)","level":2,"score":0.6376000046730042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.49880000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.40610000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.39500001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46686674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466303","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.39309999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984917352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12772819","display_name":"Scientific discovery","level":2,"score":0.37540000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.367900013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.35659998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.3287000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.29319998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.2892000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775948798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5160261","display_name":"Conformance checking","level":5,"score":0.2840999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56666940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788790","display_name":"Documentation","level":2,"score":0.27239999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.2678999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.2623000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168065819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845566","display_name":"Debugging","level":2,"score":0.25609999895095825}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.27977","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.27977","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.27977","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.27977","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7535400986671448}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Despite":[0],"recent":[1],"progress":[2],"in":[3,103,120],"language":[4,71],"models":[5,142],"and":[6,81,88,117,137,154,170],"agents":[7],"for":[8,44],"scientific":[9,27,45,57,126],"data-driven":[10],"discovery,":[11],"further":[12],"advancing":[13],"their":[14,125],"capabilities":[15],"is":[16,66],"held":[17],"back":[18],"by":[19,150],"the":[20,36,97,100,157],"absence":[21],"of":[22,96,99,143],"verifiable":[23,42],"environments":[24,43],"representing":[25],"real-world":[26],"tasks.":[28],"To":[29],"fill":[30],"this":[31],"gap,":[32],"we":[33],"introduce":[34],"D3-Gym,":[35],"first":[37],"automatically":[38,90],"constructed":[39],"dataset":[40,80],"with":[41,68,76,113,159],"Data-Driven":[46],"Discovery.":[47],"D3-Gym":[48,104,134,164],"comprises":[49],"(1)":[50],"565":[51],"tasks":[52],"sourced":[53],"from":[54,133],"239":[55],"real":[56],"repositories":[58],"across":[59,140],"four":[60],"disciplines":[61],"where":[62],"(2)":[63],"each":[64],"task":[65],"equipped":[67],"a":[69,84],"natural":[70],"instruction,":[72],"an":[73,89],"executable":[74],"environment":[75],"pre-installed":[77],"dependencies,":[78],"input":[79],"artifact":[82],"previews,":[83],"reference":[85],"code":[86],"solution,":[87],"synthesized":[91],"evaluation":[92,95,108,122],"script.":[93],"Rigorous":[94],"quality":[98],"verification":[101],"signal":[102],"confirms":[105],"that":[106],"our":[107],"scripts":[109],"achieve":[110],"87.5%":[111],"agreement":[112],"human-annotated":[114],"gold":[115],"standards":[116],"strong":[118,160],"alignment":[119],"domain-specific":[121],"logic,":[123],"showing":[124],"soundness.":[127],"Further,":[128],"training":[129],"on":[130,146],"trajectories":[131],"sampled":[132],"yields":[135],"consistent":[136],"substantial":[138],"gains":[139],"Qwen3":[141],"varying":[144],"sizes":[145],"ScienceAgentBench,":[147],"boosting":[148],"Qwen3-32B":[149],"7.8":[151],"absolute":[152],"points":[153],"substantially":[155],"shrinking":[156],"gap":[158],"proprietary":[161],"models.":[162],"All":[163],"artifacts":[165],"(environments,":[166],"creation":[167],"workflow,":[168],"trajectories,":[169],"models)":[171],"can":[172],"be":[173],"found":[174],"at":[175],"https://github.com/OSU-NLP-Group/D3-Gym.":[176]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-05T06:06:40.768181","created_date":"2026-05-02T00:00:00"}