{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7159664575","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.27776","title":"WindowsWorld: A Process-Centric Benchmark of Autonomous GUI Agents in Professional Cross-Application Environments","display_name":"WindowsWorld: A Process-Centric Benchmark of Autonomous GUI Agents in Professional Cross-Application Environments","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7159664575","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.27776"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.27776","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.27776","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.27776","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101494431","display_name":"Jinchao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1378-2788"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Jinchao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019703861","display_name":"Yunxin Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4819-2489"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Yunxin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134930634","display_name":"Chenrui Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhao, Chenrui","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134935621","display_name":"Zhenran Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xu, Zhenran","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134939970","display_name":"Baotian Hu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hu, Baotian","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134993014","display_name":"Min Zhang (111999)","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9861-6238"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Min","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12607","display_name":"Personal Information Management and User Behavior","score":0.12020000070333481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12607","display_name":"Personal Information Management and User Behavior","score":0.12020000070333481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.10480000078678131,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10456","display_name":"Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation","score":0.06520000100135803,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.90829998254776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bridge","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","score":0.5403000116348267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.52920001745224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.5199000239372253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.3626999855041504}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.90829998254776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7376000285148621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100776233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2532492","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.5403000116348267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.52920001745224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.5199000239372253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45320001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.44830000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3732999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3626999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.31049999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.2818000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.251800000667572}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.27776","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.27776","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.27776","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.27776","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"While":[0],"GUI":[1,57],"agents":[2,129,135],"have":[3],"shown":[4],"impressive":[5],"capabilities":[6],"in":[7,48,95],"common":[8,113],"computer-use":[9,46,134],"tasks":[10,62,82,104,140,158,177],"such":[11],"as":[12],"OSWorld,":[13],"current":[14],"benchmarks":[15],"mainly":[16],"focus":[17],"on":[18,59,138],"isolated":[19],"and":[20,93,128,162,189],"single-application":[21],"tasks.":[22],"This":[23],"overlooks":[24],"a":[25,45,71,96],"critical":[26],"real-world":[27,65],"requirement":[28],"of":[29,108,116,124,149],"coordinating":[30],"across":[31,111,164],"multiple":[32],"applications":[33],"to":[34,54,78],"accomplish":[35],"complex":[36,60],"profession-specific":[37],"workflows.":[38],"To":[39],"bridge":[40],"this":[41],"gap,":[42],"we":[43],"present":[44],"benchmark":[47,101,187],"cross-application":[49],"workflows,":[50],"named":[51],"WindowsWorld,":[52],"designed":[53],"systematically":[55],"assess":[56],"Agents":[58],"multi-step":[61],"that":[63],"mirror":[64],"professional":[66],"activities.":[67],"Our":[68],"methodology":[69],"uses":[70],"multi-agent":[72],"framework":[73],"steered":[74],"by":[75,90],"16":[76],"occupations":[77],"generate":[79],"four":[80],"difficulty-level":[81],"with":[83,105],"intermediate":[84],"inspection,":[85],"which":[86,117],"are":[87,119,192],"then":[88],"refined":[89],"human":[91,183],"review":[92],"executed":[94],"simulated":[97],"environment.":[98],"The":[99],"resulting":[100],"contains":[102],"181":[103],"an":[106],"average":[107],"5.0":[109],"sub-goals":[110],"17":[112],"desktop":[114],"applications,":[115,167],"78%":[118],"inherently":[120],"multi-application.":[121],"Experimental":[122],"results":[123],"leading":[125],"large":[126],"models":[127],"show":[130],"that:":[131],"1)":[132],"All":[133],"perform":[136],"poorly":[137],"multi-application":[139],"(<":[141],"21%":[142],"success":[143],"rate),":[144],"far":[145,181],"below":[146],"the":[147],"performance":[148],"simple":[150],"single-app":[151],"tasks;":[152],"2)":[153],"They":[154],"largely":[155],"fail":[156,179],"at":[157,169,194],"requiring":[159],"conditional":[160],"judgment":[161],"reasoning":[163],"$\\geq$":[165],"3":[166],"stalling":[168],"early":[170],"sub-goals;":[171],"3)":[172],"Low":[173],"execution":[174],"efficiency,":[175],"where":[176],"often":[178],"despite":[180],"exceeding":[182],"step":[184],"limits.":[185],"Code,":[186],"data,":[188],"evaluation":[190],"resources":[191],"available":[193],"github.com/HITsz-TMG/WindowsWorld.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-05-02T00:00:00"}