{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7159647754","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.27335","title":"Iterative Definition Refinement for Zero-Shot Classification via LLM-Based Semantic Prototype Optimization","display_name":"Iterative Definition Refinement for Zero-Shot Classification via LLM-Based Semantic Prototype Optimization","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7159647754","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.27335"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.27335","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.27335","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.27335","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018741090","display_name":"Naeem Rehmat","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rehmat, Naeem","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101076782","display_name":"Muhammad Saad Saeed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0893-9499"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saeed, Muhammad Saad","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134974419","display_name":"Ijaz Ul Haq","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haq, Ijaz Ul","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134989460","display_name":"Khalid Malik","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Malik, Khalid","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.47589999437332153,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.47589999437332153,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.18029999732971191,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.06040000170469284,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.5928999781608582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.5892999768257141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.539900004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-web","display_name":"Semantic Web","score":0.4375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iterative-refinement","display_name":"Iterative refinement","score":0.40619999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.3797999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.3718000054359436}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7942000031471252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5928999781608582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.5892999768257141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.539900004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4756999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2129575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q54837","display_name":"Semantic Web","level":2,"score":0.4375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779982483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6094420","display_name":"Iterative refinement","level":2,"score":0.40619999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.40119999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.3797999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.37310001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3718999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.3718000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.3691999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781039887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1391724","display_name":"Factor (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.36570000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.3634999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.3571999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159694833","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2321565","display_name":"Iterative method","level":2,"score":0.3336000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143587482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1543216","display_name":"Iterative and incremental development","level":2,"score":0.3149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.2502000033855438}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.27335","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.27335","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.27335","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.27335","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.43108388781547546,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Web":[0],"filtering":[1],"systems":[2],"rely":[3],"on":[4],"accurate":[5],"web":[6,94],"content":[7,40,95],"classification":[8,20,96,164],"to":[9,25,60,76],"block":[10],"cyber":[11],"threats,":[12],"prevent":[13],"data":[14],"exfiltration,":[15],"and":[16,28,41,121,148,175],"ensure":[17],"compliance.":[18],"However,":[19],"is":[21,183],"increasingly":[22],"difficult":[23],"due":[24],"the":[26,33,72],"dynamic":[27],"rapidly":[29],"evolving":[30],"nature":[31],"of":[32,139],"modern":[34],"web.":[35],"Embedding-based":[36],"zero-shot":[37,93],"approaches":[38],"map":[39],"category":[42,100],"descriptions":[43,126],"into":[44],"a":[45,84,136,173],"shared":[46],"semantic":[47,69],"space,":[48,74],"enabling":[49],"label":[50],"assignment":[51],"without":[52],"labeled":[53],"training":[54],"data,":[55],"but":[56],"remain":[57],"highly":[58],"sensitive":[59],"definition":[61,88,111,160,170],"quality.":[62],"Poorly":[63],"specified":[64],"or":[65],"ambiguous":[66],"definitions":[67,101],"create":[68],"overlap":[70],"in":[71,178],"embedding":[73,153],"leading":[75],"systematic":[77],"misclassification.":[78],"In":[79],"this":[80],"paper,":[81],"we":[82,113,134],"propose":[83],"training-free,":[85],"adaptive":[86],"iterative":[87,159],"refinement":[89,116,161],"framework":[90],"that":[91,158],"improves":[92,163],"by":[97],"progressively":[98],"optimizing":[99],"rather":[102],"than":[103],"updating":[104],"model":[105],"parameters.":[106],"Using":[107],"LLMs":[108],"as":[109,172],"feedback-driven":[110],"optimizers,":[112],"investigate":[114],"three":[115],"strategies":[117],"namely":[118],"example-guided,":[119],"confusion-aware,":[120],"history-aware,":[122],"each":[123],"refining":[124],"class":[125,147],"using":[127],"structured":[128],"signals":[129],"from":[130],"misclassified":[131],"instances.":[132],"Furthermore,":[133],"introduce":[135],"human-labeled":[137],"benchmark":[138],"10":[140],"URL":[141],"categories":[142],"with":[143],"1,000":[144],"samples":[145],"per":[146],"evaluate":[149],"across":[150,166],"13":[151],"state-of-the-art":[152],"foundation":[154],"models.":[155],"Results":[156],"demonstrate":[157],"consistently":[162],"performance":[165],"diverse":[167],"architectures,":[168],"establishing":[169],"quality":[171],"critical":[174],"underexplored":[176],"factor":[177],"embedding-based":[179],"systems.":[180],"The":[181],"dataset":[182],"available":[184],"at":[185],"https://github.com/naeemrehmat/B2MWT-10C.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-05-02T00:00:00"}
