{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7158716441","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.26674","title":"Reproducible Automated Program Repair Is Hard -- Experiences With the Defects4J Dataset","display_name":"Reproducible Automated Program Repair Is Hard -- Experiences With the Defects4J Dataset","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7158716441","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.26674"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.26674","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.26674","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.26674","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052492354","display_name":"Adam Krafczyk","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Krafczyk, Adam","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134915124","display_name":"Klaus Schmid","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Schmid, Klaus","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.8766000270843506,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.8766000270843506,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.047200001776218414,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.02370000071823597,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test","display_name":"Test (biology)","score":0.5497999787330627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/java","display_name":"Java","score":0.49709999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-bug","display_name":"Software bug","score":0.4205999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statement","display_name":"Statement (logic)","score":0.4115999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.39980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-case","display_name":"Test case","score":0.37700000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-collection","display_name":"Data collection","score":0.37049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.357699990272522}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7555000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5497999787330627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548217200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251","display_name":"Java","level":2,"score":0.49709999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.4652999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.44830000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1009929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179550","display_name":"Software bug","level":3,"score":0.4205999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777026412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2684591","display_name":"Statement (logic)","level":2,"score":0.4115999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.39980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3862999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128942645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1568346","display_name":"Test case","level":3,"score":0.37700000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.37049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.357699990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.3499000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3255000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42058472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810214","display_name":"Base (topology)","level":2,"score":0.3154999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.3077000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.30379998683929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9893847","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1425625","display_name":"Reproducibility","level":2,"score":0.30149999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.3003000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16910744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7705759","display_name":"Test data","level":2,"score":0.2964000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.2935999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2903999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108913964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2376856","display_name":"System under test","level":4,"score":0.28839999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154020017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q520171","display_name":"Repeatability","level":2,"score":0.2831999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118530786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134732","display_name":"Instrumentation (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.27889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53942775","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1211721","display_name":"Code coverage","level":3,"score":0.2766999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019714060","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322514","display_name":"Validation test","level":4,"score":0.27059999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.26260000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168065819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845566","display_name":"Debugging","level":2,"score":0.25130000710487366}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.26674","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.26674","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.26674","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.26674","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,37,90],"the":[1,21,77,80,85,94,128,144,158,167,198,207,244,280],"research":[2],"of":[3,11,24,33,59,79,88,110,121,166,221,231,235,241,252,270],"automated":[4],"program":[5],"repair":[6],"(APR),":[7],"benchmark":[8,97],"datasets":[9,225],"consisting":[10],"known":[12],"defects":[13,22,60,112,168,184],"in":[14,152,279],"combination":[15],"with":[16,49,147,243],"test":[17,62,123,145,161,186,203,272,281],"suites":[18,124,146,187],"that":[19,125,178,188],"indicate":[20,127],"are":[23,137,169,189],"high":[25],"importance.":[26],"They":[27],"allow":[28],"for":[29,150,172,223,226,256,259,268],"an":[30,179,250,253],"evidence-based":[31],"comparison":[32],"different":[34],"APR":[35,42,81,153,227,257],"approaches.":[36],"our":[38],"own":[39],"work":[40],"on":[41],"we":[43,92,176],"found":[44],"significant":[45],"challenges":[46,68],"when":[47,142],"working":[48],"widely":[50,95],"used":[51,96],"defect":[52,159,224],"datasets,":[53],"which":[54,99],"go":[55],"beyond":[56,228],"mere":[57],"repeatability":[58],"via":[61,160],"cases.":[63],"We":[64,139],"summarize":[65],"these":[66],"identified":[67],"and":[69,83,130,238],"related":[70],"lessons":[71],"learned":[72],"to":[73,76,102,274],"bring":[74],"them":[75],"attention":[78],"community":[82],"quantify":[84],"potential":[86],"impact":[87],"them.":[89],"particular,":[91],"investigate":[93],"Defects4J,":[98],"has":[100],"according":[101],"Google":[103],"Scholar":[104],"over":[105],"1,800":[106],"citations.":[107],"It":[108],"consists":[109],"835":[111],"from":[113,197],"17":[114],"open-source":[115],"Java":[116,260],"projects;":[117],"a":[118,194,218,233],"hand-curated":[119],"collection":[120,220],"defects,":[122,232],"clearly":[126],"defect,":[129],"human":[131],"patches":[132],"where":[133],"any":[134],"unrelated":[135],"changes":[136],"removed.":[138],"find":[140,177],"that,":[141],"executing":[143],"strict":[148],"requirements":[149,222],"reproducibility":[151,230],"settings":[154],"(beyond":[155],"merely":[156],"reproducing":[157],"cases),":[162],"180":[163],"(21.6":[164],"%)":[165,183],"not":[170,211],"suitable":[171],"evaluation":[173,254,263],"experiments.":[174],"Further,":[175],"additional":[180],"59":[181],"(7.1":[182],"have":[185],"obviously":[190],"under-specified,":[191],"as":[192,247,249,284],"deleting":[193],"single":[195],"statement":[196],"code":[199],"base":[200],"makes":[201],"all":[202],"cases":[204],"pass,":[205],"although":[206],"human-written":[208],"patch":[209],"does":[210,265],"only":[212],"delete":[213],"code.":[214],"Our":[215],"contributions":[216],"are:":[217],"systematic":[219],"traditional":[229],"description":[234],"practical":[236],"experiences":[237],"quantitative":[239],"analysis":[240],"problems":[242,278],"Defects4J":[245],"dataset,":[246],"well":[248],"implementation":[251],"framework":[255,264],"tools":[258],"programs.":[261],"This":[262],"stricter":[266],"checking":[267],"indications":[269],"inadequate":[271],"suites,":[273],"avoid":[275],"otherwise":[276],"unnoticed":[277],"suite,":[282],"such":[283],"flaky":[285],"tests.":[286]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-05-01T00:00:00"}