{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7158999922","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.26328","title":"DSIPA: Detecting LLM-Generated Texts via Sentiment-Invariant Patterns Divergence Analysis","display_name":"DSIPA: Detecting LLM-Generated Texts via Sentiment-Invariant Patterns Divergence Analysis","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7158999922","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.26328"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.26328","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.26328","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.26328","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134925401","display_name":"Siyuan Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Li, Siyuan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134899921","display_name":"Aodu Wulianghai","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wulianghai, Aodu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101681264","display_name":"Guangyan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0395-508X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Guangyan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134890765","display_name":"Xi Lin","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lin, Xi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134894396","display_name":"Qinghua Mao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mao, Qinghua","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134877424","display_name":"Yuliang Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen, Yuliang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134911396","display_name":"Jun Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wu, Jun","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134896631","display_name":"Jianhua Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Jianhua","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5134925401"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.42160001397132874,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.42160001397132874,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.219200000166893,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.06870000064373016,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalizability-theory","display_name":"Generalizability theory","score":0.6980999708175659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.6348000168800354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6104999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.5236999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/novelty","display_name":"Novelty","score":0.44209998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","score":0.3808000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/divergence","display_name":"Divergence (linguistics)","score":0.37619999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stability","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","score":0.3562999963760376}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27158222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532422","display_name":"Generalizability theory","level":2,"score":0.6980999708175659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6833999752998352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6384999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.6348000168800354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6104999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.5236999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4560000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778738651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16546687","display_name":"Novelty","level":2,"score":0.44209998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.3808000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207390915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230525","display_name":"Divergence (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.37619999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.3562999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149441793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200726","display_name":"Probability distribution","level":2,"score":0.3449999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162446236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q653137","display_name":"Content analysis","level":2,"score":0.3434000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.32510000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66402592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271421","display_name":"Sentiment analysis","level":2,"score":0.3190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.301800012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.29660001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107673813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812534","display_name":"Bayesian probability","level":2,"score":0.29429998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177769412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q278090","display_name":"Prior probability","level":3,"score":0.29179999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11693617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181839","display_name":"Pragmatics","level":2,"score":0.27480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989277270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168338","display_name":"Behavioral analysis","level":2,"score":0.26930001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8038995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152135","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","level":2,"score":0.26739999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.25429999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.2506999969482422}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.26328","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.26328","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.26328","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.26328","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5895891189575195,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,175],"rapid":[1],"advancement":[2],"of":[3],"large":[4,47],"language":[5],"models":[6],"(LLMs)":[7],"presents":[8],"new":[9],"security":[10],"challenges,":[11],"particularly":[12],"in":[13,97,199],"detecting":[14],"machine-generated":[15],"text":[16],"used":[17],"for":[18,122,195],"misinformation,":[19],"impersonation,":[20],"and":[21,36,109,135,142,158,182,191],"content":[22,63,197],"forgery.":[23],"Most":[24],"existing":[25],"detection":[26,166],"approaches":[27],"struggle":[28],"with":[29],"robustness":[30],"against":[31],"adversarial":[32,186],"perturbation,":[33],"paraphrasing":[34],"attacks,":[35],"domain":[37],"shifts,":[38],"often":[39],"requiring":[40],"restrictive":[41],"access":[42],"to":[43,113,170,185],"model":[44],"parameters":[45],"or":[46,125],"labeled":[48],"datasets.":[49],"To":[50],"address":[51],"this,":[52],"we":[53],"propose":[54],"DSIPA,":[55],"a":[56,98,189],"novel":[57],"training-free":[58],"framework":[59,95,176],"that":[60,79,162],"detects":[61],"LLM-generated":[62],"by":[64,168],"quantifying":[65],"sentiment":[66,106,110],"distributional":[67],"stability":[68],"under":[69],"controlled":[70],"stylistic":[71],"variation.":[72,93],"It":[73],"is":[74],"based":[75],"on":[76,132,145],"the":[77,120,200],"observation":[78],"LLMs":[80],"typically":[81],"exhibit":[82],"more":[83],"emotionally":[84],"consistent":[85],"outputs,":[86],"while":[87],"human-written":[88],"texts":[89],"display":[90],"greater":[91],"affective":[92],"Our":[94],"operates":[96],"zero-shot,":[99],"black-box":[100],"manner,":[101],"leveraging":[102],"two":[103],"unsupervised":[104],"metrics,":[105],"distribution":[107,111],"consistency":[108],"preservation,":[112],"capture":[114],"these":[115],"intrinsic":[116],"behavioral":[117,193],"asymmetries":[118],"without":[119],"need":[121],"parameter":[123],"updates":[124],"probability":[126],"access.":[127],"Extensive":[128],"experiments":[129],"are":[130],"conducted":[131],"state-of-the-art":[133],"proprietary":[134],"open-source":[136],"models,":[137],"including":[138],"GPT-5.2,":[139],"Gemini-1.5-pro,":[140],"Claude-3,":[141],"LLaMa-3.3.":[143],"Evaluations":[144],"five":[146],"domains,":[147],"such":[148],"as":[149],"news":[150],"articles,":[151],"programming":[152],"code,":[153],"student":[154],"essays,":[155],"academic":[156],"papers,":[157],"community":[159],"comments,":[160],"demonstrate":[161],"DSIPA":[163],"improves":[164],"F1":[165],"scores":[167],"up":[169],"49.89%":[171],"over":[172],"baseline":[173],"methods.":[174],"exhibits":[177],"superior":[178],"generalizability":[179],"across":[180],"domains":[181],"strong":[183],"resilience":[184],"conditions,":[187],"providing":[188],"robust":[190],"interpretable":[192],"signal":[194],"secure":[196],"identification":[198],"evolving":[201],"LLM":[202],"landscape.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-01T06:10:29.291645","created_date":"2026-05-01T00:00:00"}