{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7158259599","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.25166","title":"Training Transformers as a Universal Computer","display_name":"Training Transformers as a Universal Computer","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7158259599","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.25166"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.25166","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.25166","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.25166","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134823969","display_name":"Ruize Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xu, Ruize","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134851481","display_name":"Chenxiao Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang, Chenxiao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128154424","display_name":"Yanhong Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Yanhong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033089246","display_name":"David McAllester","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"McAllester, David","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.20720000565052032,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.20720000565052032,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.195700004696846,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.13339999318122864,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.6629999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-program","display_name":"Computer program","score":0.32829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.32109999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bounded-function","display_name":"Bounded function","score":0.3050999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training-set","display_name":"Training set","score":0.2948000133037567}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6865000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.6629999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.39649999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.35600000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3310000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777362769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40056","display_name":"Computer program","level":2,"score":0.32829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3264999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.32109999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34388435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267362","display_name":"Bounded function","level":2,"score":0.3050999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.2948000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.2863999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987117450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275603","display_name":"Logic program","level":3,"score":0.2711000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779151265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156791","display_name":"Copying","level":2,"score":0.2612999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.2606000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2581999897956848}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.25166","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.25166","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.25166","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.25166","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,75],"demonstrate":[1],"that":[2,77,104],"a":[3,13,41,105,114],"small":[4],"transformer":[5,30,55,107],"can":[6,81,95,108],"learn":[7],"to":[8,27,57,111],"execute":[9],"programs":[10,60,88],"in":[11],"MicroPy,":[12],"simplified":[14],"yet":[15],"computationally":[16],"universal":[17,115],"programming":[18],"language.":[19],"Given":[20],"procedure":[21],"definitions":[22],"together":[23],"with":[24],"an":[25],"expression":[26],"evaluate,":[28],"the":[29,53,78],"predicts":[31],"small-step":[32],"execution":[33,39],"using":[34],"PENCIL":[35],"scaffolding":[36],"for":[37],"space-efficient":[38],"within":[40],"bounded":[42],"context":[43],"window.":[44],"After":[45],"training":[46],"on":[47,91],"randomly":[48],"generated,":[49],"meaningless":[50],"MicroPy":[51,94],"programs,":[52],"learned":[54],"generalizes":[56],"various":[58],"human-written":[59],"including":[61],"bit":[62],"copying":[63],"and":[64,68,70,73],"flipping,":[65],"binary":[66],"addition":[67],"multiplication,":[69],"SAT":[71],"verification":[72],"solving.":[74],"note":[76],"trained":[79,110],"model":[80],"achieve":[82],"out-of-distribution":[83],"generalization;":[84],"i.e.,":[85],"evaluate":[86],"novel":[87],"from":[89],"distribution":[90],"programs.":[92],"Since":[93],"express":[96],"any":[97],"computation,":[98],"our":[99],"results":[100],"provide":[101],"empirical":[102],"evidence":[103],"standard":[106],"be":[109],"act":[112],"as":[113],"computer.":[116]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2026-04-30T00:00:00"}