{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7158334870","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.25122","title":"M$^3$-VQA: A Benchmark for Multimodal, Multi-Entity, Multi-Hop Visual Question Answering","display_name":"M$^3$-VQA: A Benchmark for Multimodal, Multi-Entity, Multi-Hop Visual Question Answering","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7158334870","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.25122"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.25122","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.25122","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.25122","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134842910","display_name":"Jiatong Ma","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ma, Jiatong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134841476","display_name":"Longteng Guo","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guo, Longteng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134853175","display_name":"Yuchen Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu, Yuchen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134831284","display_name":"Zijia Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhao, Zijia","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019338727","display_name":"Dongze Hao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5504-1799"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao, Dongze","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102693018","display_name":"Xuanxu Lin","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lin, Xuanxu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134846076","display_name":"Jing Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6584-0647"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu, Jing","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9896000027656555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9896000027656555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.0024999999441206455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.0020000000949949026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/question-answering","display_name":"Question answering","score":0.7739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.6496000289916992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.638700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.5216000080108643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-reasoning","display_name":"Visual reasoning","score":0.4683000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-based-reasoning","display_name":"Model-based reasoning","score":0.400299996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.3817000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.37290000915527344}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8016999959945679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44291984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074173","display_name":"Question answering","level":2,"score":0.7739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.6496000289916992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.638700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5676000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.5216000080108643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777508537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7936620","display_name":"Visual reasoning","level":2,"score":0.4683000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4025999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37335422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888134","display_name":"Model-based reasoning","level":3,"score":0.400299996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3862999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.3817000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.37290000915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.32760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.31790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.31279999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.3125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166088908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q308495","display_name":"Abductive reasoning","level":2,"score":0.296099990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135641252","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q738567","display_name":"Multimodal interaction","level":2,"score":0.27649998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.27489998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780910867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952416","display_name":"Multimodality","level":2,"score":0.27070000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.2694999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.265500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.25760000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.25589999556541443}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.25122","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.25122","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.25122","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.25122","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.40719160437583923}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,85],"present":[1],"M$^3$-VQA,":[2],"a":[3,80,149],"novel":[4],"knowledge-based":[5],"Visual":[6],"Question":[7],"Answering":[8],"(VQA)":[9],"benchmark,":[10],"to":[11,63],"enhance":[12],"the":[13,138,155],"evaluation":[14,152],"of":[15,140,159],"multimodal":[16,23,82,145,156],"large":[17],"language":[18],"models":[19,62],"(MLLMs)":[20],"in":[21,111],"fine-grained":[22],"entity":[24],"understanding":[25],"and":[26,39,57,67,79,99,114,163],"complex":[27,144],"multi-hop":[28,69],"reasoning.":[29,115],"Unlike":[30],"existing":[31],"VQA":[32],"datasets":[33],"that":[34],"focus":[35],"on":[36],"coarse-grained":[37],"categories":[38],"simple":[40],"reasoning":[41,70,142,157],"over":[42],"single":[43],"entities,":[44],"M$^3$-VQA":[45,147],"introduces":[46],"diverse":[47],"multi-entity":[48],"questions":[49],"involving":[50],"multiple":[51,72],"distinct":[52],"entities":[53],"from":[54],"both":[55,65],"visual":[56],"textual":[58],"sources.":[59],"It":[60],"requires":[61],"perform":[64,117],"sequential":[66],"parallel":[68],"across":[71],"documents,":[73],"supported":[74],"by":[75],"traceable,":[76],"detailed":[77],"evidence":[78],"curated":[81],"knowledge":[83,112],"base.":[84],"evaluate":[86],"16":[87],"leading":[88],"MLLMs":[89,110],"under":[90],"three":[91],"settings:":[92],"without":[93,119],"external":[94,120],"knowledge,":[95],"with":[96,100,127],"gold":[97],"evidence,":[98],"retrieval-augmented":[101],"input.":[102],"The":[103],"poor":[104],"results":[105],"reveal":[106],"significant":[107],"challenges":[108],"for":[109,143,153],"acquisition":[113],"Models":[116],"poorly":[118],"information":[121],"but":[122],"improve":[123],"markedly":[124],"when":[125],"provided":[126],"precise":[128],"evidence.":[129],"Furthermore,":[130],"reasoning-aware":[131],"agentic":[132],"retrieval":[133],"surpasses":[134],"heuristic":[135],"methods,":[136],"highlighting":[137],"importance":[139],"structured":[141],"understanding.":[146],"presents":[148],"more":[150],"challenging":[151],"advancing":[154],"capabilities":[158],"MLLMs.":[160],"Our":[161],"code":[162],"dataset":[164],"are":[165],"available":[166],"at":[167],"https://github.com/CASIA-IVA-Lab/M3VQA.":[168]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-04-30T00:00:00"}
