{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7156990865","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.23523","title":"Grammar-Constrained Refinement of Safety Operational Rules Using Language in the Loop: What Could Go Wrong","display_name":"Grammar-Constrained Refinement of Safety Operational Rules Using Language in the Loop: What Could Go Wrong","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7156990865","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.23523"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.23523","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.23523","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.23523","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015680924","display_name":"Khouloud Gaaloul","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4156-9768"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gaaloul, Khouloud","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093709535","display_name":"Zaid Ghazal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5286-9053"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ghazal, Zaid","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134786730","display_name":"Madhu Latha Pulimi","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pulimi, Madhu Latha","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134812883","display_name":"Sam Emmanuel Kathiravan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kathiravan, Sam Emmanuel","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.6682000160217285,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.6682000160217285,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13295","display_name":"Safety Systems Engineering in Autonomy","score":0.13899999856948853,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.047200001776218414,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterfactual-thinking","display_name":"Counterfactual thinking","score":0.5817999839782715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.5612000226974487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.4925000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grammar","display_name":"Grammar","score":0.4560999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overfitting","display_name":"Overfitting","score":0.43529999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.43470001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","score":0.4205000102519989}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7853000164031982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108650721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783253","display_name":"Counterfactual thinking","level":2,"score":0.5817999839782715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.5612000226974487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4925000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26022165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8091","display_name":"Grammar","level":2,"score":0.4560999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22019652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331309","display_name":"Overfitting","level":3,"score":0.43529999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.43470001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.4205000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156325763","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1930895","display_name":"Operational semantics","level":3,"score":0.4185999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.38499999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.37040001153945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3231000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.3003000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60048249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37437","display_name":"Syntax","level":2,"score":0.29910001158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.290800005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201677973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1209840","display_name":"Specification language","level":2,"score":0.273499995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132835097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7663745","display_name":"System safety","level":2,"score":0.25200000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71889745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783264","display_name":"Counterfactual conditional","level":3,"score":0.2500999867916107}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.23523","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.23523","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.23523","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.23523","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.5277186036109924,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Safety":[0],"specifications":[1],"in":[2,118,157],"cyber-physical":[3],"systems":[4],"(CPS)":[5],"capture":[6],"the":[7,10,49,78,101,116],"operational":[8,25,96,120],"conditions":[9],"system":[11,36,103],"must":[12,27,51],"satisfy":[13],"to":[14,31,77,94,106],"operate":[15],"safely":[16],"within":[17],"its":[18],"intended":[19],"environment.":[20],"As":[21],"operating":[22],"environments":[23],"evolve,":[24],"rules":[26,45],"be":[28],"continuously":[29],"refined":[30],"preserve":[32],"consistency":[33],"with":[34,89,100],"observed":[35,79,102],"behavior":[37],"during":[38],"simulation-based":[39],"verification":[40],"and":[41,143,154],"validation.":[42],"Revising":[43],"inconsistent":[44],"is":[46],"challenging":[47],"because":[48],"changes":[50],"remain":[52],"syntactically":[53],"correct":[54],"under":[55],"a":[56,83,90,124],"domain-specific":[57],"grammar.":[58],"Language-in-the-loop":[59],"refinement":[60,92,141],"further":[61,138],"raises":[62],"safety":[63,144],"concerns":[64],"beyond":[65],"syntactic":[66],"violations,":[67],"as":[68],"it":[69],"can":[70],"produce":[71],"semantically":[72],"unjustified":[73],"refinements":[74],"that":[75,85],"overfit":[76],"outcomes.":[80],"We":[81],"introduce":[82],"framework":[84],"combines":[86],"counterfactual":[87],"reasoning":[88],"grammar-constrained":[91],"loop":[93],"refine":[95],"rules,":[97],"aligning":[98],"them":[99],"behavior.":[104],"Applied":[105],"an":[107,119],"autonomous":[108],"driving":[109],"control":[110],"system,":[111],"our":[112],"approach":[113],"successfully":[114],"resolved":[115],"inconsistencies":[117],"rule":[121],"inferred":[122],"by":[123],"conventional":[125],"baseline":[126],"while":[127],"remaining":[128],"grammar":[129,149],"compliant.":[130],"An":[131],"empirical":[132],"large":[133],"language":[134],"model":[135],"(LLM)":[136],"study":[137],"revealed":[139],"model-dependent":[140],"quality":[142],"lessons,":[145],"which":[146],"motivate":[147],"rigorous":[148],"enforcement,":[150],"stronger":[151],"semantic":[152],"validation,":[153],"broader":[155],"evaluation":[156],"future":[158],"work.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2026-04-29T00:00:00"}
