{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7156984434","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.23392","title":"SoccerRef-Agents: Multi-Agent System for Automated Soccer Refereeing","display_name":"SoccerRef-Agents: Multi-Agent System for Automated Soccer Refereeing","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7156984434","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.23392"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.23392","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.23392","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.23392","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101669854","display_name":"Zi Meng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5369-7281"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meng, Zi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132584361","display_name":"Wanli Song","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Song, Wanli","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134791331","display_name":"Yi Hu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hu, Yi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099623402","display_name":"Jiayuan Rao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rao, Jiayuan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134776824","display_name":"Gang Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen, Gang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11439","display_name":"Video Analysis and Summarization","score":0.32190001010894775,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11439","display_name":"Video Analysis and Summarization","score":0.32190001010894775,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.2669000029563904,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.09369999915361404,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bridge","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","score":0.6191999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.49559998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.4456000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.4343000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-base","display_name":"Knowledge base","score":0.42570000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.40049999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.3393999934196472}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6498000025749207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100776233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2532492","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.6191999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.49559998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.4456000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.4343000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4554734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q593744","display_name":"Knowledge base","level":2,"score":0.42570000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4049000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.40049999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.36809998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3393999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.32499998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.2904999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58328972","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184609","display_name":"Expert system","level":2,"score":0.2881999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115925183","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412694","display_name":"Knowledge-based systems","level":2,"score":0.288100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.2815000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56397880","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6044094","display_name":"Intelligent decision support system","level":2,"score":0.2784999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98025372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477538","display_name":"Systems architecture","level":3,"score":0.2777999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.27720001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.27320000529289246}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.23392","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.23392","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.23392","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.23392","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7494301795959473,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Refereeing":[0],"is":[1],"vital":[2],"in":[3,21,153],"sports,":[4],"where":[5],"fair,":[6],"accurate,":[7],"and":[8,38,44,58,82,101,129,144,156,162],"explainable":[9,59],"decisions":[10],"are":[11,17],"fundamental.":[12],"While":[13],"intelligent":[14],"assistant":[15],"technologies":[16],"being":[18],"widely":[19],"adopted":[20],"soccer":[22,64],"refereeing,":[23],"current":[24],"AI-assisted":[25],"approaches":[26],"remain":[27],"preliminary.":[28],"Existing":[29],"research":[30],"mostly":[31],"focuses":[32],"on":[33],"isolated":[34],"video":[35,85],"perception":[36],"tasks":[37],"lacks":[39],"the":[40,72,95,99,123,135],"ability":[41],"to":[42,121],"understand":[43],"reason":[45],"about":[46],"foul":[47,84],"scenarios.":[48],"To":[49],"fill":[50],"this":[51],"gap,":[52],"we":[53],"propose":[54],"SoccerRef-Agents,":[55],"a":[56,89,102,112],"holistic":[57],"multi-agent":[60,114],"decision-making":[61],"framework":[62],"for":[63,106],"refereeing.":[65],"The":[66],"main":[67],"contributions":[68],"are:":[69],"(i)":[70],"constructing":[71],"multimodal":[73],"benchmark":[74],"SoccerRefBench":[75],"with":[76,141],"over":[77],"1,200":[78],"referee":[79],"theory":[80],"questions":[81],"600":[83],"clips;":[86],"(ii)":[87],"building":[88],"vector-based":[90],"knowledge":[91],"base":[92],"RefKnowledgeDB":[93],"using":[94],"latest":[96],"\"Laws":[97],"of":[98,138],"Game\"":[100],"classic":[103],"case":[104],"database":[105],"precise,":[107],"knowledge-driven":[108],"reasoning;":[109],"(iii)":[110],"designing":[111],"novel":[113],"architecture":[115],"that":[116],"collaborates":[117],"via":[118],"cross-modal":[119],"RAG":[120],"bridge":[122],"semantic":[124],"gap":[125],"between":[126],"visual":[127],"content":[128],"regulatory":[130],"texts.":[131],"This":[132],"work":[133],"explores":[134],"technical":[136],"capability":[137],"integrating":[139],"MLLMs":[140,152],"refereeing":[142],"expertise,":[143],"evaluations":[145],"show":[146],"our":[147],"system":[148],"significantly":[149],"outperforms":[150],"general-purpose":[151],"decision":[154],"accuracy":[155],"explanation":[157],"quality.":[158],"All":[159],"databases,":[160],"benchmarks,":[161],"code":[163],"will":[164],"be":[165],"made":[166],"available.":[167]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-04-29T00:00:00"}
