{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7156981954","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.23148","title":"PhySE: A Psychological Framework for Real-Time AR-LLM Social Engineering Attacks","display_name":"PhySE: A Psychological Framework for Real-Time AR-LLM Social Engineering Attacks","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7156981954","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.23148"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.23148","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.23148","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.23148","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134794494","display_name":"Tianlong Yu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yu, Tianlong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134815896","display_name":"Yang Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang, Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134819785","display_name":"Ziyi Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhou, Ziyi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134802025","display_name":"Jiaying Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xu, Jiaying","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134774760","display_name":"Siwei Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Siwei","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134760745","display_name":"Tong Guan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guan, Tong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134782178","display_name":"Kailong Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Kailong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066483747","display_name":"Ting Bi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6196-5613"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bi, Ting","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5134794494"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.13429999351501465,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.13429999351501465,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.09610000252723694,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.09300000220537186,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-engineering","display_name":"Social engineering (security)","score":0.6664000153541565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conversation","display_name":"Conversation","score":0.6319000124931335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phishing","display_name":"Phishing","score":0.47279998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.4494999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/profiling","display_name":"Profiling (computer programming)","score":0.4431999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/core","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","score":0.323199987411499}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70118762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q376934","display_name":"Social engineering (security)","level":2,"score":0.6664000153541565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777200299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52943","display_name":"Conversation","level":2,"score":0.6319000124931335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83860907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q135005","display_name":"Phishing","level":3,"score":0.47279998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.4494999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187191949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138496","display_name":"Profiling (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.4431999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.423799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3720000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3580999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.34040001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2164484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170150","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","level":2,"score":0.323199987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778827112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22245680","display_name":"Feature engineering","level":3,"score":0.3174000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.30630001425743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74216064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q615684","display_name":"Social computing","level":3,"score":0.298799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778707766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202064","display_name":"Phone","level":2,"score":0.27140000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130064352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853725","display_name":"Social relation","level":2,"score":0.2662999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153715457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254183","display_name":"Augmented reality","level":2,"score":0.2554999887943268}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.23148","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.23148","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.23148","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.23148","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.4269653260707855,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"emerging":[1],"threat":[2],"of":[3,88,189,216],"AR-LLM-based":[4],"Social":[5],"Engineering":[6],"(AR-LLM-SE)":[7],"attacks":[8],"(e.g.":[9],"SEAR)":[10],"poses":[11],"a":[12,23,33,54,144,162,181,213],"significant":[13],"risk":[14],"to":[15,31,48,69],"real-world":[16],"social":[17,56,62,127,222],"interactions.":[18],"In":[19],"such":[20],"an":[21,205],"attack,":[22],"malicious":[24,80],"actor":[25],"uses":[26],"Augmented":[27],"Reality":[28],"(AR)":[29],"glasses":[30],"capture":[32],"target":[34,72,194],"visual":[35],"and":[36,52,74,113],"vocal":[37],"data.":[38],"A":[39],"Large":[40],"Language":[41,164],"Model":[42,165],"(LLM)":[43],"then":[44],"analyzes":[45],"this":[46],"data":[47],"identify":[49],"the":[50,71,85,106],"individual":[51],"generate":[53],"detailed":[55],"profile.":[57],"Subsequently,":[58],"LLM-powered":[59],"agents":[60],"employ":[61],"engineering":[63,128],"strategies,":[64],"providing":[65],"real-time":[66,115],"conversation":[67],"suggestions,":[68],"gain":[70],"trust":[73],"ultimately":[75],"execute":[76],"phishing":[77],"or":[78],"other":[79],"acts.":[81],"Despite":[82],"its":[83],"potential,":[84],"practical":[86],"application":[87],"AR-LLM-SE":[89],"faces":[90],"two":[91,148],"major":[92],"bottlenecks,":[93],"(1)":[94,151],"Cold-start":[95],"personalization,":[96],"Current":[97],"Retrieval-Augmented":[98],"Generation":[99],"(RAG)":[100],"methods":[101],"introduce":[102,180],"critical":[103],"delays":[104],"in":[105,133],"earliest":[107],"turns,":[108],"slowing":[109],"initial":[110],"profile":[111,173],"formation":[112],"disrupting":[114],"interaction,":[116],"(2)":[117,175],"Static":[118],"Attack":[119],"Strategies,":[120],"Existing":[121],"approaches":[122],"rely":[123],"on":[124,193],"fixed-stage,":[125],"handcrafted":[126,199],"tactics":[129],"that":[130,184],"lack":[131],"foundation":[132],"established":[134],"psychological":[135,182,190],"theory.":[136],"To":[137,155],"address":[138],"these":[139],"limitations,":[140],"we":[141,159],"propose":[142],"PhySE,":[143],"novel":[145,214],"framework":[146],"with":[147,167,209],"core":[149],"innovations,":[150],"VLM-Based":[152],"SocialContext":[153],"Training,":[154],"eliminate":[156],"profiling":[157],"delays,":[158],"efficiently":[160],"pre-train":[161],"Visual":[163],"(VLM)":[166],"social-context":[168],"data,":[169],"enabling":[170],"rapid,":[171],"on-the-fly":[172],"generation,":[174],"Adaptive":[176],"Psychological":[177],"Agent,":[178],"We":[179,201],"LLM":[183],"dynamically":[185],"deploys":[186],"distinct":[187],"classes":[188],"strategies":[191],"based":[192],"response,":[195],"moving":[196],"beyond":[197],"static,":[198],"scripts.":[200],"evaluated":[202],"PhySE":[203],"through":[204],"IRB-approved":[206],"user":[207],"study":[208],"60":[210],"participants,":[211],"collecting":[212],"dataset":[215],"360":[217],"annotated":[218],"conversations":[219],"across":[220],"diverse":[221],"scenarios.":[223]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-29T06:16:36.941037","created_date":"2026-04-29T00:00:00"}