{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7156799514","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.22768","title":"Secure On-Premise Deployment of Open-Weights Large Language Models in Radiology: An Isolation-First Architecture with Prospective Pilot Evaluation","display_name":"Secure On-Premise Deployment of Open-Weights Large Language Models in Radiology: An Isolation-First Architecture with Prospective Pilot Evaluation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7156799514","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.22768"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.22768","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.22768","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.22768","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134779557","display_name":"Sebastian Nowak","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nowak, Sebastian","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134815842","display_name":"Jann-Frederick La\u00df","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"La\u00df, Jann-Frederick","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053489600","display_name":"Narine Mesropyan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5871-3965"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mesropyan, Narine","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112704287","display_name":"Babak Salam","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Salam, Babak","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134765307","display_name":"Nico Piel","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Piel, Nico","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114874403","display_name":"Mohammed Bahaaeldin","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bahaaeldin, Mohammed","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040206867","display_name":"Wolfgang Block","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3095-6356"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Block, Wolfgang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084718211","display_name":"Alois M. Sprinkart","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1435-9562"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sprinkart, Alois Martin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013965127","display_name":"Julian A. Luetkens","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7715-4636"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luetkens, Julian Alexander","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052160383","display_name":"Benjamin Wulff","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wulff, Benjamin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060475552","display_name":"Alexander Isaak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2016-6166"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Isaak, Alexander","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.7649000287055969,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.7649000287055969,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11894","display_name":"Radiology practices and education","score":0.07500000298023224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10350","display_name":"Electronic Health Records Systems","score":0.05999999865889549,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.7967000007629395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.39329999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation","display_name":"Implementation","score":0.3776000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/isolation","display_name":"Isolation (microbiology)","score":0.3716000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-architecture","display_name":"Systems architecture","score":0.35370001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corporate-governance","display_name":"Corporate governance","score":0.319599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service","display_name":"Service (business)","score":0.3179999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/procurement","display_name":"Procurement","score":0.29660001397132874}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.7967000007629395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.39329999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.38199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.3776000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775941552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25212305","display_name":"Isolation (microbiology)","level":2,"score":0.3716000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98025372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477538","display_name":"Systems architecture","level":3,"score":0.35370001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.319599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.3179999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.30489999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201650216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q829492","display_name":"Procurement","level":2,"score":0.29660001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780182762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1630279","display_name":"Guideline","level":2,"score":0.2892000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.28760001063346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.2858000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.28110000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105776082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q617473","display_name":"Likert scale","level":2,"score":0.2782999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71745522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2476929","display_name":"Confidentiality","level":2,"score":0.2741999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180198813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121182","display_name":"Information system","level":2,"score":0.27230000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.2711000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q639681","display_name":"Network architecture","level":2,"score":0.26269999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.2619999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110354214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6314146","display_name":"Engineering management","level":1,"score":0.2615000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.2542000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143267671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7901856","display_name":"User requirements document","level":2,"score":0.25380000472068787}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.22768","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.22768","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.22768","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.22768","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6042443513870239,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Purpose:":[0],"To":[1],"design,":[2],"implement,":[3],"evaluate,":[4],"and":[5,30,34,50,65,84,106,114,136,149,164,212],"report":[6,160],"on":[7,43,109,178],"the":[8,20,71,153,169,182,214],"regulatory":[9,203],"requirements":[10],"of":[11,22,185,225],"a":[12,78,226],"self-hosted":[13],"LLM":[14,39],"infrastructure":[15],"for":[16,140],"radiology":[17,165],"adhering":[18],"to":[19,88,217],"principle":[21],"least":[23],"privilege,":[24],"emphasizing":[25],"technical":[26],"feasibility,":[27],"network":[28,45],"isolation,":[29],"clinical":[31,104,207],"utility.":[32],"Materials":[33],"Methods:":[35],"The":[36,68,123,144,196,234],"isolation-first,":[37],"containerized":[38],"inference":[40],"stack":[41],"relies":[42],"strict":[44],"segmentation,":[46],"host-enforced":[47],"egress":[48],"filtering,":[49],"active":[51],"isolation":[52,64],"monitoring":[53],"preventing":[54],"unauthorized":[55],"external":[56],"connectivity.":[57],"An":[58],"accompanying":[59],"deployment":[60,235],"package":[61,236],"provides":[62],"automated":[63],"hardening":[66],"tests.":[67],"system":[69,107,145],"served":[70],"open-weights":[72,219],"DeepSeek-R1":[73],"model":[74,120],"via":[75],"vLLM.":[76],"In":[77],"one-week":[79],"pilot":[80],"phase,":[81],"22":[82],"residents":[83],"radiologists":[85],"were":[86,237],"free":[87],"use":[89],"10":[90],"predefined":[91],"prompt-templates":[92],"whenever":[93],"they":[94,102],"considered":[95],"them":[96],"useful":[97],"in":[98,119,181,209],"daily":[99],"work.":[100],"Afterward,":[101],"rated":[103,147],"utility":[105,171,208],"stability":[108],"an":[110,222],"0-10":[111],"Likert":[112],"scale":[113],"reported":[115],"observed":[116],"critical":[117,186],"errors":[118],"output.":[121],"Results:":[122],"applied":[124],"institutional":[125],"governance":[126],"pathway":[127],"achieved":[128],"approval":[129],"from":[130],"clinic":[131],"management,":[132],"compliance,":[133],"data":[134],"protection":[135],"information":[137],"security":[138],"officers":[139],"processing":[141],"unanonymized":[142],"PHI.":[143],"was":[146],"stable":[148],"user":[150],"friendly":[151],"during":[152],"pilot.":[154],"Source":[155],"text-anchored":[156,210],"tasks,":[157],"such":[158,188],"as":[159,189,221],"corrections":[161],"or":[162,193],"simplifications,":[163],"guideline":[166],"recommendations":[167],"received":[168],"highest":[170,183],"ratings,":[172],"whereas":[173],"open-ended":[174],"conclusion":[175],"generation":[176],"based":[177],"findings":[179],"resulted":[180],"frequency":[184],"errors,":[187],"clinically":[190],"relevant":[191],"hallucinations":[192],"omissions.":[194],"Conclusion:":[195],"proposed":[197],"isolation-first":[198],"on-premise":[199],"architecture":[200],"enabled":[201],"overcoming":[202],"borders,":[204],"showed":[205],"promising":[206],"tasks":[211],"is":[213],"current":[215],"base":[216],"serve":[218],"LLMs":[220],"official":[223],"service":[224],"German":[227],"University":[228],"Hospital":[229],"with":[230],"over":[231],"10,000":[232],"employees.":[233],"made":[238],"publicly":[239],"available":[240],"(https://github.com/ukbonn/ukb-gpt).":[241]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-04-29T00:00:00"}
