{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7155559992","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.21564","title":"Measuring Opinion Bias and Sycophancy via LLM-based Persuasion","display_name":"Measuring Opinion Bias and Sycophancy via LLM-based Persuasion","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7155559992","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.21564"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.21564","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.21564","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.21564","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134494794","display_name":"Rodrigo Nogueira","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nogueira, Rodrigo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092457173","display_name":"Giovana Kerche Bon\u00e1s","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9460-8353"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bon\u00e1s, Giovana Kerche","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009573252","display_name":"Thales Sales Almeida","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9568-9331"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Almeida, Thales Sales","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040463514","display_name":"Andrea Roque","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roque, Andrea","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086873271","display_name":"Ramon Pires","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0023-1971"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pires, Ramon","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043191034","display_name":"Hugo Abonizio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5208-0290"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abonizio, Hugo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036997454","display_name":"Thiago Laitz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7205-2094"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laitz, Thiago","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075320829","display_name":"Celio H. N. Larcher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4861-6571"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Larcher, Celio","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134532110","display_name":"Roseval Malaquias Junior","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junior, Roseval Malaquias","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045896508","display_name":"Marcos Piau","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Piau, Marcos","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5134494794"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.2215999960899353,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.2215999960899353,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.13120000064373016,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13274","display_name":"Expert finding and Q&A systems","score":0.10830000042915344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/argumentative","display_name":"Argumentative","score":0.8374000191688538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mirroring","display_name":"Mirroring","score":0.6450999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.5738000273704529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coercion","display_name":"Coercion (linguistics)","score":0.5424000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position-paper","display_name":"Position paper","score":0.46549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confirmation-bias","display_name":"Confirmation bias","score":0.3779999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deontic-logic","display_name":"Deontic logic","score":0.3555000126361847}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781306805","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4789761","display_name":"Argumentative","level":2,"score":0.8374000191688538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189645446","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q350865","display_name":"Mirroring","level":2,"score":0.6450999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.5738000273704529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777188754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140822","display_name":"Coercion (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5424000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.49630001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.48179998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78780964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7233193","display_name":"Position paper","level":2,"score":0.46549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.38940000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3880999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.38029998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79585631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431498","display_name":"Confirmation bias","level":2,"score":0.3779999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6377922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q302542","display_name":"Deontic logic","level":2,"score":0.3555000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C313442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778556","display_name":"Persona","level":2,"score":0.32429999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.322299987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.3215999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134698397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17946","display_name":"Public opinion","level":3,"score":0.3140999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199776023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202875","display_name":"Negotiation","level":2,"score":0.30809998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.2969000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779267917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170028","display_name":"Deception","level":2,"score":0.2768000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98184364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780131","display_name":"Argument (complex analysis)","level":2,"score":0.2732999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.26980000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153701036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q659974","display_name":"Trustworthiness","level":2,"score":0.26759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143299363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900584","display_name":"Attribution","level":2,"score":0.2653000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.2590000033378601}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.21564","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.21564","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.21564","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.21564","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6377443075180054}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"language":[1],"models":[2,235],"increasingly":[3],"shape":[4],"the":[5,75,80,84,96,101,128,150,215,263],"information":[6],"people":[7],"consume:":[8],"they":[9],"are":[10],"embedded":[11],"in":[12,152,200],"search,":[13],"consulted":[14],"for":[15,27,99,127,145],"professional":[16],"advice,":[17],"deployed":[18],"as":[19,23,95],"agents,":[20],"and":[21,33,74,148,184,208,249],"used":[22],"a":[24,37,41,44,56,92,138,173],"first":[25,63,195],"stop":[26],"questions":[28,70],"about":[29],"policy,":[30],"ethics,":[31],"health,":[32],"politics.":[34],"When":[35],"such":[36],"model":[38,77,151],"silently":[39],"holds":[40,106],"position":[42,48,82],"on":[43,107],"contested":[45,108],"topic,":[46],"that":[47,112,177,236],"propagates":[49],"at":[50],"scale":[51],"into":[52,172,244],"users'":[53],"decisions.":[54],"Eliciting":[55],"model's":[57,129],"positions":[58,180],"is":[59],"harder":[60],"than":[61,228],"it":[62,160],"appears:":[64],"contemporary":[65],"assistants":[66],"answer":[67],"direct":[68,229,240],"opinion":[69,130,147,257],"with":[71,191],"evasive":[72],"disclaimers,":[73],"same":[76],"may":[78],"concede":[79],"opposite":[81],"once":[83],"user":[85,166],"starts":[86,265],"arguing":[87],"one":[88],"side.":[89],"We":[90],"propose":[91],"method,":[93],"released":[94],"open-source":[97],"llm-bias-bench,":[98],"discovering":[100],"opinions":[102],"an":[103,146,185,255],"LLM":[104,187],"actually":[105],"topics":[109,199],"under":[110,239,246],"conditions":[111],"resemble":[113],"real":[114],"multi-turn":[115],"interaction.":[116],"The":[117,194],"method":[118,216],"pairs":[119],"two":[120],"complementary":[121],"free-form":[122],"probes.":[123],"Direct":[124],"probing":[125,142],"asks":[126,144],"across":[131,203],"five":[132],"turns":[133],"of":[134,219],"escalating":[135],"pressure":[136],"from":[137,181],"simulated":[139],"user.":[140],"Indirect":[141],"never":[143],"engages":[149],"argumentative":[153,222],"debate,":[154],"letting":[155],"bias":[156],"leak":[157],"through":[158],"how":[159],"concedes,":[161],"resists,":[162],"or":[163],"counter-argues.":[164],"Three":[165],"personas":[167],"(neutral,":[168],"agree,":[169],"disagree)":[170],"collapse":[171,243],"nine-way":[174],"behavioral":[175],"classification":[176],"separates":[178],"persona-independent":[179],"persona-dependent":[182],"sycophancy,":[183],"auditable":[186],"judge":[188],"produces":[189],"verdicts":[190],"textual":[192],"evidence.":[193],"instantiation":[196],"ships":[197],"38":[198],"Brazilian":[201],"Portuguese":[202],"values,":[204],"scientific":[205],"consensus,":[206],"philosophy,":[207],"economic":[209],"policy.":[210],"Applied":[211],"to":[212,233],"13":[213],"assistants,":[214],"surfaces":[217],"findings":[218],"practical":[220],"interest:":[221],"debate":[223],"triggers":[224],"sycophancy":[225],"2-3x":[226],"more":[227],"questioning":[230,241],"(median":[231],"50%":[232],"79%);":[234],"look":[237],"opinionated":[238],"often":[242],"mirroring":[245],"sustained":[247],"arguments;":[248],"attacker":[250],"capability":[251],"matters":[252],"mainly":[253],"when":[254,262],"existing":[256],"must":[258],"be":[259],"dislodged,":[260],"not":[261],"assistant":[264],"neutral.":[266]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-04T08:30:34.212998","created_date":"2026-04-25T00:00:00"}