{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7155503476","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.21505","title":"Assessing the Impact of Requirement Ambiguity on LLM-based Function-Level Code Generation","display_name":"Assessing the Impact of Requirement Ambiguity on LLM-based Function-Level Code Generation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7155503476","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.21505"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.21505","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.21505","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.21505","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134529012","display_name":"Di Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang, Di","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102623193","display_name":"Xinou Xie","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xie, Xinou","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134506394","display_name":"Xiuwen Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang, Xiuwen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134521748","display_name":"Ming Hu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hu, Ming","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134501248","display_name":"Yihao Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huang, Yihao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101993716","display_name":"Yueling Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5290-5691"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Yueling","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107246472","display_name":"Weikai Miao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2038-439X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miao, Weikai","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134473243","display_name":"Ting Su","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Su, Ting","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134546403","display_name":"Chengcheng Wan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wan, Chengcheng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134544293","display_name":"Geguang Pu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pu, Geguang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.5450000166893005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.5450000166893005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10430","display_name":"Software Engineering Techniques and Practices","score":0.17870000004768372,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11450","display_name":"Model-Driven Software Engineering Techniques","score":0.04910000041127205,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ambiguity","display_name":"Ambiguity","score":0.9210000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obstacle","display_name":"Obstacle","score":0.6608999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.6428999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.5486999750137329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation","display_name":"Implementation","score":0.5232999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4844000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.45239999890327454}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780522230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140419","display_name":"Ambiguity","level":2,"score":0.9210000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7055000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776650193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q264661","display_name":"Obstacle","level":2,"score":0.6608999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.6428999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5486999750137329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.5232999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4844000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.45239999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776187449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1513879","display_name":"Natural language generation","level":3,"score":0.4214000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.421099990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.41100001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.33980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133162039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061077","display_name":"Code generation","level":3,"score":0.33340001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.322299987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32109999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199519371","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q942695","display_name":"Source lines of code","level":3,"score":0.3197000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.29679998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117447612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412670","display_name":"Software quality","level":4,"score":0.2944999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.2849000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2815999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.2732999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983609787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10534782","display_name":"Software implementation","level":3,"score":0.26019999384880066}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.21505","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.21505","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.21505","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.21505","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.40048664808273315,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Software":[0],"requirement":[1,122,166],"ambiguity":[2,38,123,132,176],"is":[3,209],"ubiquitous":[4],"in":[5,31,60,148,197],"real-world":[6,72],"development,":[7],"stemming":[8],"from":[9,34],"the":[10,17,68,81,112,119,135,142,163,169,191,198],"inherent":[11,69],"imprecision":[12],"of":[13,20,71,100,121,137,201],"natural":[14],"language":[15],"and":[16,53,105,167,187],"varying":[18],"interpretations":[19],"stakeholders.":[21],"While":[22],"Large":[23],"Language":[24],"Models":[25],"(LLMs)":[26],"have":[27],"demonstrated":[28],"impressive":[29],"capabilities":[30],"generating":[32],"code":[33,46,83,126],"precise":[35],"specifications,":[36],"such":[37,175],"poses":[39],"a":[40,181],"significant":[41,182],"obstacle":[42],"to":[43,117,171],"reliable":[44],"automated":[45,202],"generation.":[47,127],"Existing":[48],"benchmarks":[49],"typically":[50],"assume":[51],"clear":[52,186],"unambiguous":[54],"requirements,":[55,189],"leaving":[56],"an":[57],"empirical":[58,115],"gap":[59,184],"understanding":[61],"how":[62],"LLMs":[63,156],"behave":[64],"when":[65],"faced":[66],"with":[67,88,141],"uncertainty":[70],"software":[73,203],"requirements.":[74,90],"In":[75],"this":[76,108],"paper,":[77],"we":[78,110,153],"introduce":[79],"Orchid,":[80],"first":[82,113],"generation":[84,200],"benchmark":[85,208],"specifically":[86],"designed":[87],"ambiguous":[89,165,188],"It":[91],"comprises":[92],"1,304":[93],"function-level":[94],"tasks":[95],"covering":[96],"four":[97],"distinct":[98],"types":[99],"ambiguity:":[101],"lexical,":[102],"syntactic,":[103],"semantic,":[104],"vagueness.":[106],"Leveraging":[107],"dataset,":[109],"conduct":[111],"systematic":[114],"study":[116],"evaluate":[118],"impact":[120],"on":[124],"LLM-based":[125],"Our":[128],"results":[129],"demonstrate":[130],"that":[131,155],"consistently":[133],"degrades":[134],"performance":[136,183],"all":[138],"evaluated":[139],"LLMs,":[140],"most":[143],"pronounced":[144],"negative":[145],"effects":[146],"observed":[147],"highly":[149],"advanced":[150],"models.":[151],"Furthermore,":[152],"observe":[154],"frequently":[157],"produce":[158],"functionally":[159],"divergent":[160],"implementations":[161],"for":[162,194],"same":[164],"lack":[168],"capability":[170],"identify":[172],"or":[173],"resolve":[174],"autonomously.":[177],"These":[178],"findings":[179],"reveal":[180],"between":[185],"underscoring":[190],"urgent":[192],"need":[193],"ambiguity-aware":[195],"techniques":[196],"next":[199],"engineering":[204],"tools.":[205],"The":[206],"Orchid":[207],"publicly":[210],"available":[211],"at":[212],"https://huggingface.co/datasets/SII-YDD/Orchid.":[213]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-04-25T00:00:00"}